Mesoamerican Long Count calendar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar is a non-repeating, vigesimal (base-20) calendar used by several Mesoamerican cultures, most notably the Maya. For this reason, it is sometimes known as the Maya (or Mayan) Long Count calendar. Using a modified vigesimal tally, the Long Count calendar identifies a day by counting the number of days passed since August 11, 3114 BC (Gregorian).[1] Because the Long Count calendar is non-repeating, it was widely used on monuments.
Contents |
[edit] Background
Among other calendars devised in pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica, two of the most widely used were the 365-day solar calendar (Haab' in Mayan) and the 260-day ceremonial calendar, which had 20 periods of 13 days. This 260-day calendar was known as the Tzolk'in to the Maya and tonalpohualli to the Aztecs.
The Haab' and the Tzolk'in calendars identified and named the days, but not the years. The combination of a Haab' date and a Tzolk'in date was enough to identify a specific date to most people's satisfaction, as such a combination did not occur again for another 52 years, above general life expectancy.
Because the two calendars were based on 365 days and 260 days respectively, the whole cycle would repeat itself every 52 Haab' years exactly. This period was known as a Calendar Round.
To measure dates over periods longer than 52 years, the Mesoamericans devised the Long Count calendar.
[edit] Long Count periods
The Long Count calendar identifies a date by counting the number of days from August 11, 3114 BCE. Rather than using a base-10 scheme, like Western numbering, the Long Count days were tallied in a base-20 scheme. Thus 0.0.0.1.5 is equal to 25, and 0.0.0.2.0 is equal to 40.
The Long Count is not consistently base-20, however, since the second digit (from the right) only counts to 18 before resetting to zero. Thus 0.0.1.0.0 does not represent 400 days, but rather only 360 days.
The following table shows the period equivalents as well as Mayan names for these periods.
| Days | Long Count period | Long Count period | Approx solar years |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | = 1 K'in | ||
| 20 | = 20 K'in | = 1 Winal | 1/18th |
| 360 | = 18 Winal | = 1 Tun | 1 |
| 7,200 | = 20 Tun | = 1 K'atun | 20 |
| 144,000 | = 20 K'atun | = 1 B'ak'tun | 395 |
The Mayan name for a day was k'in. Twenty of these k'ins are known as a winal (or uinal). Eighteen winals or 360 k'in make one tun. Twenty tuns are known as a k'atun. Twenty k'atuns make a b'ak'tun. There are also four rarely-used higher-order periods: piktun, kalabtun, k'inchiltun, and alautun.
[edit] Calculating Long Count dates
[edit] Mesoamerican numerals
Long Count dates are written with Mesoamerican numerals, as shown on this table. A dot represents one while a bar equals 5. The shell glyph was used to represent the zero concept. The Long Count calendar required the use of zero as a place-holder, and presents one of the earliest uses of the zero concept in history.
- See also History of zero
This is the second oldest Long Count date yet discovered. The numerals 7.16.6.16.18 translate to September 32 BCE (Gregorian). The glyphs surrounding the date are what is thought to be one of the few surviving examples of Epi-Olmec script.
[edit] Syntax
The Long Count dates are written vertically, with the higher periods (i.e. b'ak'tun) on the top and then the number of each successively smaller order periods until the number of days (k'in) are listed. As can be seen at left, the Long Count date shown on Stela C at Tres Zapotes is 7.16.6.16.18.
| 7 | × 144000 | = 1,008,000 days (k'in |
| 16 | × 7200 | = 115,200 days (k'in) |
| 6 | × 360 | = 2,160 days (k'in) |
| 16 | × 20 | = 320 days (k'in) |
| 18 | × 1 | = 18 days (k'in) |
| Total days | = 1,125,698 days (k'in) |
The date on Stela C, then, is 1,125,698 days from August 11, 3114 BCE, or September 1, 32 BCE.
On Maya monuments, the Long Count syntax is more complex. The date sequence is given once, at the beginning of the inscription, and opens with the so-called ISIG (Introductory Series Initial Glyph) which reads tzik-a(h) hab’ [patron of Haab' month] ("revered was the year-count with the patron [of the month]").[2] Next come the 5 digits of the Long Count, followed by the tzolk'in date written as single gylph, and then by supplementary information. Most of this supplementary series is optional and has been shown to be related to lunar data, for example, the age of the moon on the day and the calculated length of current lunation.[3] The date is concluded by a glyph stating the day and month of the Haab year. The text then continues with whatever activity occurred on that date.
A drawing of a full Maya Long Count inscription is shown below (click here).
[edit] Origin of the Long Count calendar
The earliest Long Count inscription yet discovered is on Stela 2 at Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico, showing a date of 36 BCE. This table lists the 6 artifacts with the 8 oldest Long Count dates.
| Archaeological site | Name | Gregorian Date
(based on Aug 11) |
Long Count digits | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chiapa de Corzo | Stela 2 | December 10, 36 BCE | 7.16.3.2.13 | Chiapas, Mexico |
| Tres Zapotes | Stela C | September 3, 32 BCE | 7.16.6.16.18 | Veracruz, Mexico |
| El Baúl | Stela 1 | March 6, 37 CE | 7.19.15.7.12 | Guatemala |
| Abaj Takalik | Stela 5 | May 20, 103 CE | 8.3.2.10.15 | Guatemala |
| ' ' | ' ' | June 6, 126 CE | 8.4.5.17.11 | ' ' |
| La Mojarra | Stela 1 | July 14, 156 CE | 8.5.16.9.7 | Veracruz, Mexico |
| ' ' | ' ' | May 22, 143 CE | 8.5.3.3.5 | ' ' |
| Near La Mojarra | Tuxtla Statuette | March 15, 162 CE | 8.6.2.4.17 | Veracruz, Mexico |
Of the 6 sites, three are on the western edge of the Maya homeland and three are several hundred kilometers further west, leading most researchers to believe that the Long Count calendar predates the Maya.[4] La Mojarra Stela 1, the Tuxtla Statuette, Tres Zapotes Stela C, and Chiapa Stela 2 are all inscribed in an Epi-Olmec, not Maya, style.[5] El Baúl Stela 2, on the other hand, was created in the Izapan style. The first unequivocally Maya artifact is Stela 29 from Tikal, with the Long Count date of 292 CE (8.12.14.8.15), more than 300 years after Stela 2 from Chiapa de Corzo.[6]
[edit] Correlations between Western calendars and the Long Count calendar
| Name | Correlation |
|---|---|
| Willson | 438,906 |
| Smiley | 482,699 |
| Makemson | 489,138 |
| Spinden | 489,384 |
| Teeple | 492,662 |
| Dinsmoor | 497,879 |
| -4CR | 508,363 |
| -2CR | 546,323 |
| Stock | 556,408 |
| Goodman | 584,280 |
| Martinez-Hernandez | 584,281 |
| GMT | 584,283 |
| Lounsbury | 584,285 |
| Pogo | 588,626 |
| +2CR | 622,243 |
| Kreichgauer | 626,927 |
| +4CR | 660,203 |
| Hochleitner | 674,265 |
| Schultz | 677,723 |
| Ramos | 679,108 |
| Valliant | 679,183 |
| Weitzel | 774,078 |
There have been various methods proposed to allow us to convert from a Long Count date to a Western calendar date. These methods, or correlations, are generally based on dates from the Spanish conquest, where both Long Count and Western dates are known with some accuracy.
The commonly-established way of expressing the correlation between the Maya calendar and the Gregorian or Julian calendars is to provide number of days from the start of the Julian Period (Monday, January 1, 4713 BCE) to the start of creation on 0.0.0.0.0 (4 Ajaw, 8 Kumk'u).
The most commonly accepted correlation is the "Goodman, Martinez, Thompson" correlation (GMT correlation). The GMT correlation establishes that the 0.0.0.0.0 creation date occurred on 3114 BCE September 6 (Julian) or 3114 BCE August 11 (Gregorian), Julian day number (JDN) 584283, the number of days since the start of the Julian Period. This correlation fits the astronomical, ethnographic, carbon dating, and historical sources. However, there have been other correlations that have been proposed at various times, most of which are merely of historical interest, except that by Floyd Lounsbury, two days after the GMT correlation, which is in use by some Maya scholars.
Today, 19:24, Sunday April 8, 2007 (UTC), in the Long Count is 12.19.14.3.16.
The use of software that is based on the proleptic Gregorian calendar can be problematic for:
- Historical research. For example the G.M.T. correlation is based dates in both calendars in the Chronicle of Oxcutzcab, Bishop Diego de Landa's Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán, and the Chilam Balam. If one were to try to correctly derive the G.M.T. correlation by using these dates in a program that used the proleptic Gregorian calendar it would fail because the Gregorian calendar was not in use at that time.
- Astronomical research. For example, to study ancient observations on stelae or in the codices, one may convert a Long Count to days, months, and years. This date would then be entered into an astronomy program. The astronomy program will use the standard Julian/Gregorian calendar so this will cause a major error.
| Long Count | Proleptic Gregorian Calendar Date |
|---|---|
| 0.0.0.0.0 | August 11, 3114 BCE |
| 1.0.0.0.0 | November 13, 2720 BCE |
| 2.0.0.0.0 | February 16, 2325 BCE |
| 3.0.0.0.0 | May 21, 1931 BCE |
| 4.0.0.0.0 | August 23, 1537 BCE |
| 5.0.0.0.0 | November 26, 1143 BCE |
| 6.0.0.0.0 | February 28, 748 BCE |
| 7.0.0.0.0 | June 3, 354 BCE |
| 8.0.0.0.0 | September 5, 41 CE |
| 9.0.0.0.0 | December 9, 435 CE |
| 10.0.0.0.0 | March 13, 830 CE |
| 11.0.0.0.0 | June 15, 1224 CE |
| 12.0.0.0.0 | September 18, 1618 CE |
| 13.0.0.0.0 | December 21, 2012 CE |
[edit] 2012 and the Long Count
According to the Popol Vuh, a book compiling details of creation accounts known to the K'iche' Maya of the Colonial-era highlands, we are living in the fifth world. The Popol Vuh describes the first four creations that the gods failed in making and the creation of the successful fifth world where men were placed. In the Maya Long Count, the previous creation ended at the start of a 13th b'ak'tun.
The previous creation ended on a long count of 12.19.19.17.19. Another 12.19.19.17.19 will occur on December 20, 2012, followed by the start of the thirteenth b'ak'tun, 13.0.0.0.0, on December 21, 2012.[7] It has been suggested in many New Age articles and books that this will be the end of this creation, the next pole shift or something else entirely. However, the Maya abbreviated their long counts to just the last five vigesimal places. There were many larger units that were usually not shown. When the larger units were shown (notably on a Late Classic monument from Coba, Stela 1), the date of creation is expressed as 13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.0.0.0.0, where the units are 13s in the nineteen places larger than the b'ak'tun.[8] In this age we are approaching the same count again. However, this time the 13 in the fifth position from last is progressing towards 19, rather than being an initial value. After it reaches 19, it will be set to 0 and the sixth position, which has been 13 since the date of creation, will become 1.[9]
This is confirmed by a date from Palenque, which projects forward in time to 1.0.0.0.0.0, which will occur on October 13, 4772. This date cannot occur with the correct Calendar Round unless b'ak'tuns 14 through 19 also occur. The Classic Period Maya likely did not believe that the end of this age would occur in 2012. According to the Maya, there will be a b'ak'tun ending in 2012, a significant event being the end of the 13th 400 year period, but not the end of the world.
[edit] Calculating a full Long Count date
As stated, a full Long Count date not only includes the 5 digits of the Long Count, but the 2-character Tzolk'in and the 2-character Haab' dates as well. The 5 digit Long Count can therefore be confirmed with the other 4 characters (the "calendar round date").
Taking as an example a Calendar Round date of 9.12.2.0.16 (Long Count) 5 Kib' (Tzolk'in) 14 Yaxk'in (Haab'). One can check whether this date is correct by the following calculation.
It is perhaps easier to find out how many days there are since 4 Ajaw 8 Kumk'u, and show how the date 5 Kib' 14 Yaxk'in is derived.
| 9 | × 144000 | = 1296000 |
| 12 | × 7200 | = 86400 |
| 2 | × 360 | = 720 |
| 0 | × 20 | = 0 |
| 16 | × 1 | = 16 |
| Total days | = 1383136 k'in |
[edit] Calculating the Tzolk'in date portion
The Tzolk'in date is counted forward from 4 Ajaw. To calculate the numerical portion of the Tzolk'in date, we must add 4 to the total number of days given by the date, and then divide total number of days by 13.
- (4 + 1383136) / 13 = 106395 and 5/13
This means that 106395 whole 13 day cycles have been completed, and the numerical portion of the Tzolk'in date is 5.
To calculate the day, we divide the total number of days in the long count by 20 since there are twenty day names.
- 1383136 / 20 = 69156 and (16/20)
This means 16 day names must be counted from Ajaw. This gives Kib'. Therefore, the Tzolk'in date is 5 Kib'.
[edit] Calculating the Haab' date portion
The Haab' date 8 Kumk'u is the ninth day of the eighteenth month. Since there are twenty days per month, there are eleven days remaining in Kumk'u. The nineteeth and last month of the Haab' year contains only five days, thus, there are sixteen days until the end of the Haab' year.
If we subtract 16 days from the total, we can then find how many complete Haab' years are contained.
- 1383136 - 16 = 1383120
Dividing by 365, we have
- 1383120 / 365 = 3789 and (135/365)
Therefore, 3789 complete Haab' have passed, with 135 days into the new Haab'.
We then find which month the day is in. Dividing the remainder 135 days by 20, we have six complete months, plus 15 remainder days. So, the date in the Haab' lies in the seventh month, which is Yaxk'in. The fifteenth day of Yaxk'in is 14, thus the Haab' date is 14 Yaxk'in.
So the date of the long count date 9.12.2.0.16 5 Kib' 14 Yaxk'in is confirmed.
[edit] See also
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Although Coe, p. 75, gives August 13 as the date.
- ^ Boot, p. 2.
- ^ Notable in this sequence is the glyph with nine variant forms labeled G by early epigraphers. It has been connected with the cycle of Lords of the Night known from colonial era sources in Central Mexico but alternate explanations have also been offered. See Thompson.
- ^ See e.g. Diehl, p. 186.
- ^ Refer Section #05, "A sketch of prior documentation of epi-Olmec texts", in Peréz de Lara and Justeson (2005).
- ^ Coe (2002), p.87.
- ^ Various sources place this on other dates, notably on December 23; see for e.g. Schele and Friedel (1992).
- ^ See fig. 444 in Wagner (2006, p.283); also Schele and Freidel (1992, p.430).
- ^ Schele and Freidel (1992, p.430)
- ^ Voss, Kremer (2000)
[edit] References
- Boot, Eric (2002). The Dos Pilas-Tikal Wars from the Perspective of Dos Pilas Hieroglyphic Stairway 4 (PDF). Mesoweb Articles. Mesoweb. Retrieved on March 15, 2007.
- Coe, Michael D. (1994). Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs, 4th edition, New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27722-2.
- Diehl, Richard A. (2004). The Olmecs: America's First Civilization, Ancient Peoples and Places. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-02119-8.
- Gronemeyer, Sven (2006). "Glyphs G and F: Identified as Aspects of the Maize God" (PDF). Wayeb Notes 22: pp.1—23. ISSN 1379-8286. Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
- Pérez de Lara, Jorge; and John Justeson (2005). Photographic Documentation of Monuments with Epi-Olmec Script/Imagery. The Foundation Granting Department: Reports Submitted to FAMSI. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI). Retrieved on April 4, 2007.
- Schele, Linda; and David Freidel (1992). A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya, Reprint edition, New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-688-11204-8.
- Thompson, J. Eric S. (1929). "Maya Chronology: Glyph G of the Lunar Series". American Anthropologist, New Series 31 (2): pp.223—231. ISSN 0002-7294.
- Voss, Alexander W.; and H. Juergen Kremer (2000). "K'ak'-u-pakal, Hun-pik-tok' and the Kokom:The Political Organisation of Chichen Itza" (PDF). 3rd European Maya Conference (1998). Retrieved on 2005-10-26.
- Wagner, Elizabeth (2006). "Maya Creation Myths and Cosmology", in Nikolai Grube (ed.): Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest, Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.), Cologne: Könemann Press, pp.280–293. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439.
[edit] External links
- Coba Stela 1 (Schele #4087), partial illustration from the Linda Schele Drawings Collection of the monument from Coba with an expanded Long Count date
- Maya Calendar notes by M. Finlay, Maya Astronomy (Uses the proleptic Gregorian calendar.)
- The Maya Calendar by the Maya World Studies Center in Yucatan Mexico
- Maya calendar on michielb.nl, with conversion applet from Gregorian calendar to Maya date (Uses the proleptic Gregorian calendar.)
- Convert date from Maya long count to Gregorian calendar (Uses the proleptic Gregorian calendar and converts to/from long count only.)
- Maya Calendar and Links on diagnosis2012.co.uk (The calculator uses the proleptic Gregorian calendar. The site has a huge number of links to Maya calendar sites.)
- "The How and Why of the Mayan End Date in 2012 A.D." by John Major Jenkins.
- Culture and History of the Ancient and Modern Maya Includes pdf files of "Popol Vuh: The Book of the Counsil" and "Chilam Balam of Chumayel" (The page about the calendar uses the "astronomical" (Lounsbury) correlation.)
- Day Symbols of the Maya Year, available at Project Gutenberg. 1897 text by Cyrus Thomas.
