Mechanical pencil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A mechanical pencil, lead pencil or clicky pencil (usually called a propelling pencil in British English; other names include clutch pencil*, or Pacer after a Papermate model, a genericized trademark) is a pencil containing an internal mechanism which pushes ("propels") the thin graphite lead through the tip. Like standard pencils, there are also mechanical pencils which have a rubber eraser on the end. Mechanical pencils provide lines of consistent thickness, well suited for technical applications such as drafting and writing.
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[edit] History
The mechanical pencil was first invented in Britain in 1822 by Sampson Mordan and Gabriel Riddley. Earliest Mordan pencils are thus hallmarked SMGR. Sampson Mordan continued manufacturing pencils and a wide range of silver objects until the second world war when their factory was bombed.
Between 1820 and 1873, more than 160 patents were registered pertaining to a variety of improvements to mechanical pencils. The first spring-loaded mechanical pencil was patented in 1877 and a twist-feed mechanism was developed in 1895. The 0.9mm lead was introduced in 1938, and later it was followed by 0.7mm, 0.5mm and 0.3mm versions.
The mechanical pencil became successful in Japan with some improvements in 1915 by Tokuji Hayakawa, a metal worker who had just finished his apprenticeship. It was introduced as the Ever-Ready Sharp Pencil. Success was not immediate, since the metal shaft — essential for the pencil's long life — was unfamiliar to users. The Ever-Sharp began selling in huge numbers, however, after a company from Yokohama made a large order. Later Tokuji Hayakawa's company got its name from that pencil: Sharp.
At nearly the same time, in America, Charles R. Keeran was developing a similar pencil that would be the precursor of most of today's pencils. Keeran's design was ratchet-based, whereas Hayakawa's was screw-based. These two development histories are often confused or combined into one.
[edit] Types
A number of different types exist:
- Ratchet-based pencils, in which the lead is advanced by a button on either the end or the side. This button pushes three small pieces within the cap forward out of a ring holding them together as one. This separates those three pieces, allowing lead to go through between those.
- A variation of the ratchet-based pencil, which by shaking the pencil back and forth, a weight inside the pencil operates the mechanism in the cap. A button may or may not be present depending on design.
- Another variation advances the lead automatically. In this design, the lead is advanced by a ratchet but only prevented from going back into the pencil, just held from falling by a small amount of friction. The nib is a spring-loaded collar that, when depressed as the lead is worn away, pulls out more when pressure is next released.
- Screw-based pencils, in which the lead is advanced by twisting a screw, which moves a slider down the barrel of the pencil.
- Screw-based pencils in which the lead is advanced by friction with the screw.
- Twist-based pencils, in which the lead advances upon twisting the head of the pencil. Many of these will have a locking mechanism one way to allow the lead to be pushed back into the pencil.
Most mechanical pencils can be refilled with more graphite but some less-expensive models, especially screw-based designs, are disposable.
[edit] Clutch Pencil
Clutch pencils (or leadholders) use a thicker solid piece of lead (typically 2mm to 4 mm) and work by pressing down the eraser cap to allow the "claws" at the end to open, which in turn allows the lead to freely drop through the barrel. They can typically only hold one whole piece of lead at a time.
The advantage of clutch pencils is that they allow a greater variety of marks to be made.
The disadvantage is that because the lead falls when the claws are opened, there is no controlled dispersal of the lead and as such it's best done a few millimeters over the work surface.
[edit] Manufacturers
[edit] References
- Deborah Crosby, Victorian Pencils: Tools to Jewels, Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen, PA, 1998.
- http://www.sharp-world.com/corporate/info/his/h_company/1915_1919/index.html for Sharp's history of the mechanical pencil
- http://www.vintagepens.com/Eversharp_history.htm for history and development of Keeran's and Hayakawa's pencil styles
[edit] See also
- Dave's Mechanical Pencils (Blog about mechanical pencils. Includes reviews.)
- Leadholder Museum (History and Images of Leadholders)
