Meat extract
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Meat extract is highly concentrated meat stock, usually made from beef. It is used to add meat flavor in cooking, and to make broth for drinking.
Meat extract was invented by Baron Justus von Liebig, the German-born 19th-century organic chemist. Liebig specialized in chemistry and the classification of food and wrote a paper on how boiling meat destroys its nutritional value. Fueled by a desire to help feed the undernourished, in 1840 he developed a concentrated beef extract, Extractum carnis Liebig, to provide a cheap and nutritious meat substitute for those unable to afford the real thing. But it took 30 kg of meat to produce 1 kg of extract, which made the extract too expensive.
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[edit] Commercialization
[edit] Liebig Extract of Meat Company
Liebig went on to co-found the Liebig Extract of Meat Company (later Oxo), whose factory, opened in 1866 in Uruguay, took advantage of meat from cattle being raised for their hides—at one third the price of European meat.
[edit] Bovril
In the 1870's, John Lawson Johnston invented 'Johnston's Fluid Beef', later renamed Bovril. Unlike Liebig's meat extract, Bovril also contained flavorings. It was manufactured in Argentina, which like Uruguay could provide cheap cattle.
[edit] Effects
Liebig and Bovril were important contributors to the beef industry in South America.
[edit] Today
Meat extracts have largely been supplanted by bouillon cubes and yeast extract, and some brands of meat extract such as Oxo and Bovril now contain yeast extract as well as meat extract. Indeed, these brands have been used in some markets for yeast extract with little or no meat content.
[edit] Modern versions
The only brand of pure meat extract today is Liebig Benelux's, which contains concentrated meat stock and 4% salt. The current formulation of the more-popular Bovril is 43% beef stock, 24% yeast extract, and 11.5% salt, and also contains spices and flavor enhancers.[1]
[edit] Bibliography
- Günther Klaus Judel, "Die Geschichte von Liebigs Fleischextrakt: Zur populärsten Erfindung des berühmten Chemikers" (The History of Liebig's Meat Extract: On the famous chemist's most popular invention), Spiegel der Forschung: Wissenschaftsmagazin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen 20:1/2:6, October 2003. (in German)PDF
