Mashgiach ruchani

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Note: The article about Mashgiach refers to someone who supervises the production of kosher food.

Mashgiach ruchani or Mashgiach (Heb. משגיח רוחני "Spiritual supervisor/guide") is a title that usually refers to a rabbi who has an official position within a yeshiva responsible for the non-academic areas of yeshiva students' lives. The most famous mashgiach ruchani was Nosson Tzvi Finkel (1849-1927) founder of the Slabodka yeshiva.

The position of mashgiach ruchani arose with the establishment of the modern "Lithuanian-style" mussar-yeshivas.

The role of the mashgiach ruchani was strongest in the era prior to World War II, when often the mashgiach was responsible for maintaining yeshiva financially, recruiting and interviewing new students, and hiring staff, something akin to an academic "dean". After the Holocaust, the influence and position of the mashgiach decreased, and the roles of the rosh yeshivas have outgrown those of the mashgiachs'. A modern mashgiach is somewhat equivalent to the secular "counselor" position.

The need for having a mashgiach within the modern yeshivas was tied in with the rise of the modern mussar movement (teaching of Jewish ethics), inspired by Rabbi Yisrael Lipkin Salanter (1810-1883), and was seen as necessary because yeshiva students faced greater pressures and problems from the world outside of their yeshiva studies.

Chabad yeshivas have a similar position referred to as mashpia (lit. giver).