Marine Corps Air Station El Toro
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Marine Corps Air Station El Toro | |
|---|---|
| Orange County, California | |
 Overhead shot of MCAS El Toro taken in December of 1993 |
|
| Type | Military base |
| Built | August 3, 1942(construction began)[1] March 17, 1943(commissioned)[2] |
| In use | decommissioned July 2, 1999 |
| Controlled by | USMC |
| Garrison | 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing |
Marine Corps Air Station El Toro was a United States Marine Corps Air Station located near Irvine, California, at . Its ICAO airport code is KNZJ.
Before it was decommissioned in 1999, it was the home of Marine Corps aviation on the West Coast. Designated as a Master Jet Station, its four runways (two of 8000 feet and two of 10,000 feet) could handle the largest aircraft in the U.S. military inventory. All U.S. Presidents in the post-WWII era have landed in Air Force One at this airfield. The El Toro "Flying Bull" patch was designed by Walt Disney Studios in 1944.[3] It survived virtually unchanged until the close of the Air Station.
Contents |
[edit] History
In May 1942, Lieutenant Colonel William Fox was directed to select the sites for all of the Marine Corps' West Coast air stations. Fox sought the most expeditious and low cost option and thus choose the already existing airports of El Centro, Mojave and Santa Barbara. For the fourth station he chose land that had previously been looked at by the Navy for a blimp base.[4] Construction of MCAS El Toro began on August 3, 1942 on what was previously known as the Irvine Ranch.[5] The name El Toro came from the nearby small community which in 1940 only had a population of 130 people.[6]
The base headquarters was established on November 4, 1942 and the first landing occurred in late November when a Major Micheal Carmichael, flying from Camp Kearney, was forced to make an emergency landing amongst the construction equipment.[7] January 1943 saw the first operational units arriving at MCAS El Toro. First aboard were Marine Base Defense Aircraft Group 41 and VMF-113. They were followed later in the month by VMF-224, VMSB-231 and VMSB-232 who were returning from fighting during the Battle of Guadalcanal in order to re-organize, re-equip and train.[8] Soon after its opening El Toro was handling the largest tactical aerodrome traffic on the Pacific Coast[9]
Already the largest Marine air station on the West Coast, in 1944, funds were approved to double its size and operations. By the end of 1944, the base would be home to 1,248 officers and 6,831 enlisted personnel.[10]
In 1950, El Toro was selected as a permanent Master Jet Station for the Fleet Marine Forces, Pacific. To support this new role, the aviation infrastructure at El Toro was again expanded significantly. For most of the ensuing years, El Toro served as the primary base for Marine Corps west coast fighter squadrons[11]. In 1958, Marine Corps Air Station Miami was closed which brought the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing to El Toro[12]
In 1993, MCAS El Toro was designated for closing by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission and all of its activities were to be transferred to Marine Corps Air Station Miramar. The station officially closed on July 2, 1999 [13].
[edit] Base conversion controversy
The closing of MCAS El Toro ignited a political firestorm over the eventual fate of the facility. With its existing infrastructure, some favored converting the base into an international airport. Those favoring the new airport tended to come from northern Orange County, (desiring the convenience of a closer airport), and from areas in Newport Beach that are within the arrival and departure noise zones surrounding John Wayne Airport, (hoping to close that airport in favor of the new one at El Toro).
Those against the airport proposal were largely residents of the cities in the immediate vicinity of El Toro, such as Irvine, Lake Forest, and Mission Viejo, where residents were alarmed at the idea of the aircraft noise. This faction lobbied strongly in favor of other uses for the property.
The battle between pro-airport and anti-airport groups dominated Orange County politics for much of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Airport proposals were defeated in two hotly-contested ballot initiatives, and further challenges took place in the courts. Eventually the airport opponents prevailed, and in March 2002, the Department of Defense announced that it would sell the land to private interests to be developed into Orange County Great Park.
[edit] Environmental remediation
Before the site could be developed for civilian use, the Department of the Navy (which oversees both the Navy and the Marine Corps) was required to perform environmental remediation to clean up contaminated soil on the site. The contamination was caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), primarily industrial solvents that had been used over the years for purposes such as degreasing, paint stripping, and the cleaning of aircraft.
Over the years, the VOCs had seeped into the groundwater, resulting in a plume of contaminated groundwater extending for three miles to the west of the station. In July 2005, the Department of the Navy's Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Program Management Office (PMO) issued a public notice stating that the cleanup of the contaminated soil was complete.[14] The cleanup of the groundwater is being handled by the Irvine Desalter Project,[15] a project of two local water authorities that has financial backing from the Navy and the State of California.
[edit] Sale of the base
In February 2005, a bid of $650 million was accepted for the four parcels of land comprising the former MCAS El Toro. The winning bidder was Heritage Fields LLC,[16] a joint venture between developer Lennar Corporation and several other firms. Development plans for the 3724-acre (5.8 sq mi, 15 km²) site include residential, golf, commercial, R&D, and schools. 1375 acres (2.15 sq mi, 5.5 km²) of the site will be dedicated to the Great Park. A ceremony to formally transfer ownership of the property to Heritage Fields LLC was held on August 29, 2005.[17]
[edit] The Legacy Project
In 2002, six photographers started The Legacy Project,[18] a non-profit group dedicated to documenting the transformation of the shuttered and abandoned MCAS El Toro into Orange County Great Park. According to published news reports, they have already taken over 80,000 photographs.
On June 14, 2006, the six photographers, all well known photographic artists (Jerry Burchfield, Mark Chamberlain, Jacques Garnier, Rob Johnson, Douglas McCulloh, and Clayton Spada), unveiled what Guinness World Records plans to categorize and certify as the world's largest camera and photograph.
The 3,024 square-foot photograph is a huge image that marks the end of 165 years of film/chemistry-based photography and the commencement of the age of digital photography.
A decommissioned Marine Corps jet hangar (Building #115 at El Toro) was transformed into the world's largest camera to make the world's largest picture.[19] The hangar-turned-camera recorded a panoramic image of what's on the other side of the door using the centuries-old principle of "camera obscura" or pinhole camera. An image of the former El Toro Marine Corps Air Station appeared upside down and flipped left to right on film after being projected through the tiny hole in the hangar's metal door. The "film" is actually a 32-by-111 foot piece of white fabric - one-third the length of a football field and about three stories tall - covered in 20 gallons of light-sensitive emulsion as the "negative." After exposing the fabric for 35 minutes the image was developed in a giant custom-made tray of vinyl pool liner in the darkened hangar. Development used 600 gallons of black-and-white developer solution and 1,200 gallons of fixer pumped into the tray using ten high volume pumps. The print was washed using fire hoses attached to two fire hydrants. The hangar/camera will eventually be torn down, so the photographers jokingly state that they also made the world's largest disposable camera.
[edit] Other facts
- The MCAS El Toro Air Show took place annually from the 1950s until 1997. It featured the U.S. Navy Blue Angels, as well as the USAF Thunderbirds. It also featured new aircraft that were coming into active service, such as the B-2 stealth bomber. Other displays featured military vehicles. The show also had a large gathering of vendors of military items and memorabilia. The final show in 1997 drew an estimated two million visitors.
- The Marines from El Toro were featured in the 1953 film The War of the Worlds.
- El Toro was twice the final stop for former President Richard Nixon, first when he landed there upon resigning the White House in 1974, and again after his death in 1994 when his body was flown to California for burial.
- The 1986 television movie, The B.R.A.T. Patrol, starring Sean Astin and Nia Long, was filmed at El Toro however in the movie the base was referred to as Marine Corps Air Station El Diablo.
- On April 24, 1988, Marine Corps Colonel Jerry Cadick, commanding officer of MAG-11 - 3rd MAW, was performing stunts at the MCAS El Toro Air Show before a crowd of 300,000 when he crashed his F/A-18 Hornet at the bottom of a loop that was too close to the ground.[20] His plane was in a nose-high attitude, but still carrying too much energy toward the ground and the plane hit the ground at 300 mph. Col. Cadick was subjected to extremely high-G's that resulted in his face impacting the control stick and sustaining serious injury. He broke his arm, elbow, ribs, exploded a vertebrae and collapsed a lung. Col. Cadick survived and retired from the Marine Corps. The F/A-18 remained largely intact but was beyond repair.
- In the science fiction film Independence Day (1996), Will Smith played a Marine Corps pilot from VMFA-314, Captain Steven Hiller, stationed at El Toro.
- Lexus used the large unused strips of paved runways for their test-drive event called the "Taste of Lexus" on September 16, 2006.
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Rottman 2002:414
- ^ Sherrod 1952:441
- ^ M.L. Shettle, Jr.. MCAS El Toro. Historic California Posts: Marine Corps Air Station, El Toro. The California State Military Museum.
- ^ Shettle 2001:73
- ^ Rottman 2002:414
- ^ Shettle 2001:73
- ^ Shettle 2001:73
- ^ Shettle 2001:73
- ^ De Chant 1947:60
- ^ Sherrod 1952:441
- ^ Freeman, Paul. Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: California - Southeastern Orange County. El Toro MCAS (NZJ), El Toro, CA.
- ^ Shettle 2001:75
- ^ Shettle 2001:75
- ^ July 2005, Public Notice - Cleanup of Contaminated Soil Successful at IRP Site 24 VOC Source Area, No Further Action Proposed. Department of Navy Base Realignment and Closure Program Management Office. Retrieved on 2006-07-13.
- ^ Water Quality. Irvine Desalter Project. Retrieved on 2006-07-13.
- ^ Heritage Fields website
- ^ Lennar Corporation press release (August 30, 2005) "Changing of the Guard" Ceremony Conducted between Lennar, LNR, City of Irvine, and the U.S. Department of the Navy
- ^ The Legacy Project website
- ^ Smith, Sonya (July 13, 2006). World's largest photo taken in defunct El Toro base hangar. The Orange County Register.
- ^ Beene, Richard. "300,000 Watch in Horror as Fighter Crashes Spectators Say F/A-18 Jet Appeared to Stall as Pilot Was Making a Loop", L.A. Times, April 25, 1988, p. 1.
[edit] References
[edit] Books
- De Chant, John A. (1947). Devilbirds: The Story of United States Marine Corps Aviation in World War II. Harper and Brothers Publishers.
- Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle - Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War, 1939 - 1945. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31906-5.
- Sherrod, Robert (1952). History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Combat Forces Press.
- Shettle Jr., M. L. (2001). United States Marine Corps Air Stations of World War II. Bowersville, Georgia: Schaertel Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-964-33882-3.
[edit] Web
- El Toro Marine Corps Air Station, GlobalSecurity.org.
