Mantle
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A mantle (Greek: μανδύας, mandyas; Church Slavonic: мантия, mantiya) is an ecclesiastical garment, joined at the neck, sleeveless and open in the front, that is worn over the outer garments.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic churches, the mantle is a monastic garment worn by bishops, hegumens, archimandrites, and other monastics in processions and while attending various church services, such as Vespers; but not when vested to celebrate the Divine Liturgy. The klobuk is worn over the mantle.
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[edit] History
The mantle was originally a cape worn simply to ward off the cold. Depictions of monks on icons show the mantle in use from the earliest times. The original monastic mantle was of simple material: black, brown or grey, depending on what was at hand. As time went on, the use of mantles of a particular color and style came to be established as specific monastic vesture. Over the years distinguishing colors and ornamentation came to be applied to the mantle to distinguish monastics of higher positions within the church, while still reminding them of the need for monastic humility.
[edit] Monastics
The monastic mantle is worn by Orthodox Christian monks and nuns of the lesser schema and Great Schema.[1] (It is not worn by Ryassaphores). The mantiya worn by a simple monk or nun is black (black being the traditional monastic color, symbolizing mourning over one's sins and a reminder of the vow of poverty), joined at the neck and hanging down to the feet. In the Russian tradition, the mantle is usually pleated (33 pleats for the number of years in the earthly life of Jesus). It may or may not have a train. Over the centuries, much symbolic meaning has come to be attributed to the mantle:
[The] mantle is a monastic vestment, which covers the whole person with the exception of the head. Its freely flowing lines typify the wings of the Angels; hence it is called "the Angelic vestment." The folds of the Mantle are symbolical of the all-embracing power of God; and also of the strictness, piety and meekness of the monastic life; and that the hands and other members of a monk do not live, and are not fitted for worldly activity, but are all dead.[2]
An Hegumen (Abbot) or Hegumenia (Abbess) wears the simple monastic mantle.
[edit] Archimandrites
The mantle worn by an archimandrite will be joined in front at the bottom as well as at the neck, and will have "tablets" or "pectorals"—rectangular pieces of red or green cloth sewn onto the corners of the mantle (i.e., two at the the neck and two at the feet). The upper two tablets (those at the neck) will often be embroidered with crosses. The tablets symbolize the fact that the Archimandrite will guide the brethren according to the commandments of God. The four tablets being symbolic of the Old and the New Testaments, and of the Four Gospels.
[edit] Bishops
There is also an episcopal mantle which is not worn with the other episcopal vestments while celebrating the Divine Liturgy, but when the bishop formally enters the church beforehand, or when a bishop is formally attending (i.e., presiding over) a service in which he is not serving. Instead of black, bishops use other colors: red or purple for bishops; purple for archbishops; blue for metropolitans; and green for patriarchs.[3]
In the Russian tradition, the episcopal mantiya is characteristically decorated with red and white horizontal ribbons, called "rivers" or "streams", symbolizing the word of God going out into the entire world (Ezek. 47:1-12, John 7:38, Rev. 22:1). Among the Greeks, these rivers are normally gold.
The tablets on the Bishop's mantle may be more finely embroydered or made of more costly material than those on the mantle of an archimandrite. The upper tablets (those at the neck) may be embroydered with icons; those at the feet may be embroydered with the bishop's monogram. The episcopal tablets symbolise the four Gospels which must be the focus of a bishop's teachings. The episcopal mantle always has a train on it,[4] and may have small bells attached as well, recalling the bells attached to the Ephod of the High Priest (Exodus 28:33-34).
In general, when a bishop celebrates any service other than the Divine Liturgy (or when he is attending, but not celebrating Liturgy), he will wear the mantle with Epitrachelion, Cuffs and Omophorion. He will also stand on an Orlets.
[edit] Notes
- ^ In the Greek practice the use of the mantle by monks and nuns in the Great Schema is less common.
- ^ Isabel F. Hapgood, Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church, (Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese, 1975), p. xxxix.
- ^ Different national churches have different traditions regarding the colors worn by bishops. Among the Greeks, it is common for all bishops, regardless of rank, to wear a red mantle.
- ^ There may be some parallel between the development of the episcopal mantle and the cappa magna used in the Roman Catholic Church.
