Malcom McLean

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Malcom Purcell McLean (born “Malcolm”; but late in life he changed his given name to its historic traditional Scottish spelling) (1913 – May 25, 2001), born in Maxton, North Carolina, was an American entrepreneur, often called "the father of containerization". In 1956 he developed the metal shipping container, which replaced the traditional break bulk method of handling dry goods and revolutionized the transport of goods and cargo worldwide. He later founded Sea Land Inc., one of the pioneers in the intermodal cargo transport business.^[1] McLean was named "Man of the Century" by the International Maritime Hall of Fame.

Contents 1 History 2 Subsequent business ventures 3 Significance of accomplishments 4 Death 5 Honors 6 References 7 Notes 8 External links

[edit] History

With only a high school education, McLean pumped gas at a service station near his hometown and saved enough money by 1934 to buy a second-hand truck for $120. He and his sister, Clara McLean, and brother, Jim McLean, founded McLean Trucking Co. Based out of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, McLean Trucking started out hauling empty tobacco barrels – with Malcom as one of the drivers.

From that beginning, with his single pickup truck, he built it into the second-largest trucking company in the US, with 1770 trucks and 32 terminals. On January 6, 1958 (after McLean had sold his interest in the company), McLean Trucking became the first trucking company in the nation to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

In 1937, McLean was delivering lumber from North Carolina to New Jersey. While sitting on a dock waiting for his truck to be unloaded onto a ship, he was watching other trucks being unloaded. Every crate on every truck had to be unloaded, put in a sling and hoisted up and then down into the hold of the ship. There, more longshoremen took it off the sling and made sure it was properly stowed. This method is called "break-bulk shipping". It was slow and labour intensive, and there was lots of pilferage and accidents. McLean first conceived the idea of using the entire truck trailer itself to load onto and off of a ship. McLean could not develop the idea further because the Interstate Commerce Commission did not, at the time, allow truckers to own shipping companies.

But in 1955, McLean sold his trucking company for $25 million, moved to New York and bought Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company for $7 million.

McLean secured a bank loan for $22 million and in January 1956 bought two World War II T-2 tankers, which he converted to carry containers on and under deck. McLean oversaw the construction of wooden shelter decks, known as Mechano decking. This was a common practice in World War II for the carriage of oversized cargo, such as aircraft. It took several months to refit the ships, construct containers to carry on and below the vessels’ decks and design trailer chasses to allow removable containers.

In some ways, McLean's vision was nothing new. Beginning in 1929, Seatrain Lines had carried railroad boxcars on its sea vessels to transport goods between New York and Cuba. Likewise, the idea of putting truck trailers on railroad flatcars was a method of moving less-than-railroad carload shipments economically. This integrated transport concept held the hope of competing with trucks, which were taking more and more of this business from the railroads. From 1926 to 1947, the Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railway carried motor carrier vehicles and shippers' vehicles loaded on flatcars between Milwaukee and Chicago. In the mid-1930s, the Chicago Great Western Railway Company and then the New Haven railroad began piggy-back service limited to their own railroad. By 1953, the CB&Q, the Eastern Illinois and the Southern Pacific railroads had joined the innovation. Most cars were surplus flatcars equipped with new decks. By 1955, an additional 25 railroads had begun some form of piggy-back trainler service. What was new about McLean's innovation was the idea of using large containers that were never opened in transit between shipper and consignee and that were transferable on an intermodal basis, among trucks, ships and railcars.

Using these concepts, McLean initially favored the construction of "trailerships"-—taking trailers from large trucks and stowing them in a ship’s cargo hold. This method of stowage, referred to as roll-on/roll-off, was not adopted because of the large waste in potential cargo space onboard the vessel, known as broken stowage. Instead, he modified his original concept into loading just the containers, not the chassis, onto the ships, hence the designation containership or "box" ship.

On April 26, 1956, with 100 invited dignitaries on hand, one of the converted tankers, the SS Ideal-X (informally dubbed the "SS Maxton" after McLean’s hometown in North Carolina), was loaded and left the Port of Newark, New Jersey, for the Port of Houston, Texas, carrying 58 35-foot containers, along with a regular load of liquid cargo. As the Ideal-X left the Port of Newark, Freddy Fields, a top official of the International Longshoremen’s Association, was asked what he thought of the newly-fitted container ship. Fields replied, "I’d like to sink that son of a bitch." McLean flew to Houston to be on hand when the ship safely docked.

In 1956, most cargo was loaded and unloaded by hand by longshoremen.^[2] Hand loading a ship cost $5.86 a ton at that time. Using containers, it cost only 16 cents a ton to load a ship, a 36-fold savings.

In the mid-1950s, mechanization overall was entering the shipping industry as operators tried to increase profit margins. The mechanization they had in mind, however, was larger slingloads, palletization, mechanical conveyor belts and other ways of using more machinery to move break bulk cargoes. McLean's container concept move the mechanization movement ahead by a quantum leap.

In 1957, the first full-celled container ship, the Sea-Land Gateway City, began regular service between New York, Florida and Texas.

McLean’s operation was profitable by 1961 and he kept adding routes and buying bigger ships.

Pan-Atlantic became Sea-Land Service, Inc in 1960. In 1964, McLean opened a 101 acre port at Elizabeth, New Jersey, to handle even more container traffic. The development of the container market was slow until the late 1960s. Many ports did not have the cranes to lift containers on and off ships and change was slow to come to an industry steeped in tradition. Moreover, unions resisted an idea that threatened their very livelihood.

As America's involvement in the Vietnam War grew in the 1960s, McLean profited from carrying cargo to Southeast Asia for US military operations. Ultimately, it took McLean’s success in supplying U.S. forces in Vietnam to persuade the world of the container potential.

To achieve the dramatic reductions in labor and dock servicing time, McLean was vigilant about standardization. His efforts to increase efficiency resulted in standardized container designs that were awarded patent protection. Believing that standardization was also the path to overall industry growth, McLean chose to make his patents available by issuing a royalty-free lease to the Industrial Organization for Standardization (ISO).

The move toward greater standardization helped broaden the possibilities for intermodal transportation. By the end of the 1960s, SeaLand Industries had 27,000 trailer-type containers, 36 trailer ships and access to over 30 port cities.

As the advantages to McLean's container system became apparent, competitors quickly developed. They built bigger ships, larger gantry cranes and more sophisticated containers. Sea Land needed cash to stay competitive. McLean turned to Reynolds Tobacco Company, a company he knew from his trucking company days when his trucks transported Reynolds cigarettes across the US. Reynolds agreed in January 1969 to buy Sea Land for $530 million in cash and stock. McLean made $160 million personally^[3] and got a seat on the company’s board. To carry out the purchase, Reynolds formed a holding company, named R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc., which bought Sea Land in May 1969.

Under Reynolds, Sea Land’s profits were intermittent. By the end of 1974, Reynolds had put more than $1 billion into Sea-Land, building huge terminals in New Jersey and Hong Kong and adding to its fleet of containerships.

Sea-Land's biggest expense was fuel, so in 1970, RJR bought the American Independent Oil Co., better known as Aminoil, for $56 million. RJR put millions into oil exploration, trying to get Aminoil to the size to compete in the world exploration market.

In 1974, R.J. Reynolds Industries had its best year. Sea Land's earnings increased nearly 10 times, to $145 million. Aminoil's earnings soared to $86.3 million. Dun & Bradstreet, the financial-ratings firm, named RJR one of its five best-managed companies in America. But in 1975, Sea-Land's earnings dropped sharply, along with Aminoil's.

Increasingly frustrated with the conservative culture within Reynolds, McLean gave up his Reynolds board seat in 1977 and cut ties with the company.

In June 1984, RJ Reynolds Industries, Inc. spun-off Sea-Land Corporation to shareholders, as an independent, publicly held company, with stock trading on the New York Stock Exchange. Sea-Land achieved the highest revenues and earnings in its 28-year history.

In September 1986, Sea-Land Corporation merged with CSA Acquisition Corp., a subsidiary of CSX Corporation. Sea-Land Corporation common stock was exchanged for $28 per share, cash.

Sea Land’s international services were sold to Maersk in 1999 and the combined company was named Mærsk Sealand, which, in 2006, became known simply as Mærsk Line.

The former Sea Land's domestic services now operate as Horizon Lines, Inc., which accounts for approximately 36% of the total U.S. marine container shipments between the continental U.S. and the markets of Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico, and to Guam. The company is headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina.

[edit] Subsequent business ventures

In 1978, McLean purchased United States Lines. There, he built a fleet of 4,400-TEU container ships that were the largest afloat at the time. The ships, operating in round-the-world service, were designed in the aftermath of the 1970s oil shortages and were fuel-efficient but slow, and therefore not well-adapted to compete in the subsequent period of cheap oil. USL went bankrupt in 1987. McLean took very personally the criticism directed against him after the collapse of USL and the resulting loss of many jobs associated with and dependent on USL.

In 1992, at 78, McLean founded Trailer Bridge, Inc., which still operates between the US mainland (Jacksonville, Florida) and Puerto Rico.

McLean also developed non-maritime inventions, including a means of lifting a patient from a stretcher onto a hospital bed.

[edit] Significance of accomplishments

McLean’s "containerization” process of using large containers to hold goods on cargo ships allowed huge increases in port and ship productivity, helping to lower the cost of imported goods. The container transformed economic geography, devastating traditional ports such as New York and London and fueling the growth of previously obscure ones, such as Oakland, California and Tanjung Pelepas, in Malaysia. By making shipping so cheap that industry could locate factories far from its customers, the container paved the way for Asia to become the world's workshop and brought consumers a previously unimaginable variety of low-cost products from around the world.

[edit] Death

When McLean died at his home on the East Side of Manhattan in 2001, age 87, the US Secretary of Transportation made the following statement:

I would like to extend my deepest sympathies to the family of Malcom McLean. A true giant, Malcom revolutionized the maritime industry in the 20th century. His idea for modernizing the loading and unloading of ships, which was previously conducted in much the same way the ancient Phoenicians did 3,000 years ago, has resulted in much safer and less-expensive transport of goods, faster delivery, and better service. We owe so much to a man of vision, ‘the father of containerization,’ Malcom P. McLean.

– Norman Y. Mineta, STATEMENT OF U.S. TRANSPORTATION ON THE DEATH OF MALCOM P. MCLEAN

McLean died in relative obscurity, although he was one of the greatest contributors to the growth of the world economy in the 20th century. In an editorial shortly after his death, the Baltimore Sun stated that "he ranks next to Robert Fulton as the greatest revolutionary in the history of maritime trade." ("Shipping Pioneer Largely Ignored," The Baltimore Sun, June 14, 2001, p. 23A) Forbes Magazine called McLean "one of the few men who changed the world." (The Baltimore Sun, June 14, 2001, p. 23A)

On the morning of McLean's funeral, container ships around the world blew their whistles in his honor.

[edit] Honors

Fortune magazine inducted McLean into its Business Hall of Fame in 1982. In 1995, American Heritage magazine named him one of the ten outstanding innovators of the past 40 years. And in 2000, he was named Man of the Century by the International Maritime Hall of Fame.

McLean is the only person to found three companies that were later listed on the New York Stock Exchange (plus two others on the NASDAQ).

Trailer Bridge, Inc., which McLean founded in 1992, annually awards the Malcom P. McLean Innovative Spirit Award. And, the annual McLean Award recognizes an outstanding graduating student at George Mason University, selected by professors.

[edit] References

• Marc Levinson, The Box, How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger (Princeton Univ. Press 2006).
• Brian J. Cudahy, Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World (Fordham Univ. Press 2006).
• Frank Broeze, "The Globalization of the Oceans: Containerization from the 1950s to the Present,” International Maritime Economic History Association, 2002.
• The Container Revolution

[edit] Notes

1. ^ The ocean-borne intermodal transportation system is the “highway” that facilitates the nation’s ever increasing flow of imported and exported containerized cargo. This “supply chain” for containerized cargo has developed over many years and has permitted the seamless movement of our ocean-borne containerized commerce. In turn, this has allowed the thousands of U.S. importers and exporters to remain competitive in the global marketplace and benefited millions of consumers throughout the U.S. Within this system is a network of stakeholders who provide the necessary capital and know-how to build, maintain and continually expand this global freight transportation network. These stakeholders include:
   • Marine container terminal operators
   • Ocean carriers
   • Labor organizations
   • Port authorities
   • Trucking companies
   • Railroads
   • Warehousemen & logistics providers, and
   • Many others.
2. ^ Break bulk cargo unloading was done for centuries before the development by McLean of the shipping container. Goods often had to wait in warehouses for the next stage. Those transfers and delays made shipping slow and schedules uncertain. They also created opportunities for damage, mistakes and more than a little theft. (Whiskey was one of the first products shipped by container because it was so subject to pilferage.) Different companies in different industries facing different price regulations for different goods handled each step. Costs were extremely high, much cargo was lost, damaged or stolen and inefficiency was rife, since a slower loading and unloading process benefitted the longshore workers with less physical exertion and more guaranteed work.
3. ^ http://www.hanseatic-lloyd.de/english/corporate/news/archiv/onBoard03/artOnBoard1306-01.html

[edit] External links

• McLean Trucking Company
• Photo of Ideal-X, the first container ship
• Pennsylvania TrucTrain Service: An Overview
• U.S. Patent 2,853,968  - Apparatus for shipping freight}}