Makhtesh

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Makthesh Ramon image(c)DigitalGlobe
Makthesh Ramon image(c)DigitalGlobe

A makhtesh (Hebrew מכתש, plural: makhteshim) is a geological phenomenon in which a large closed body of water gradually drains through a narrow outlet; the erosion process creates a crater-like valley. This phenomenon is often said to be unique to the Negev (Israel) and the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt). However, very similar features exist in Turkmenistan (Yor-oilan-duz depression in Badkhyz Highlands) and Iran.

The Hebrew word makhtesh can be translated as crater, although it has been formed by water erosion and not by a meteor or a volcano. It can also be called an erosion crater, following the German name.

In the Negev, there are 5 makhteshim: Makhtesh Ramon, ha-Machtesh ha-Gadol ("The Large Machtesh"), ha-Machtesh ha-Katan ("The Small Machtesh"), and the two tiny makhteshim on Mount Arif.

One of the two makhteshim in Sinai image(c)DigitalGlobe
One of the two makhteshim in Sinai image(c)DigitalGlobe

The two makhteshim in Sinai have no names for the basin, but the makhtesh-walls have several names - like Jabal al Manzur or Gebel Maghara.

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