Major Archbishop

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In the Eastern Catholic Church, major archbishop is a title for an hierarch to whose archiepiscopal see is granted the same jurisdiction in his autonomous (sui juris) particular Church that an Eastern-rite patriarch has in his. ^[1]

The title is used for archbishops of episcopal sees that were founded more recently than the patriarchal sees and are therefore less prestigious. Consequently, there are differences between the two offices. Major archbishops rank below patriarchs but immediately precede primates in the order of precedence of the Catholic Church. ^[2] If made members of the College of Cardinals, major archbishops join the order of Cardinal Priests, whereas patriarchs of the east join the highest order, Cardinal Bishops. Like patriarchs, major archbishops are elected by the synod of the sui iuris Church, but their election requires confirmation by the Pope, not mere notification and granting of communion required of patriarchs. ^[3]

The title was first granted to the head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in 1963. The Syro-Malabar Church became major archiepiscopal in 1992, followed by the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church and the Romanian Greek Catholic Church in 2005, resulting in four major archbishops each leading a major archiepiscopal autonomous (sui iuris) Church: ^[4]

Major Archiepiscopal See	Archbishop	Election
Kyiv-Halych of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church	Lubomyr Cardinal Husar	2001
Ernakulam-Angamaly of the Syro-Malabar Church	Cardinal Varkey Vithayathil	1999
Trivandrum of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church	Isaac Cleemis Thottunkal	2007
Făgăraş-Alba Iulia of the Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic	Lucian Mureşan	2005

In addition to their role governing their particular Church, all major archbishops are ipso jure (automatically when installed to their office) members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches in the Roman Curia. ^[5] They are required to attend the annual general meeting of this congregation, and to attend other sessions if they are visiting Rome or are otherwise able.^[6]

The title major archbishop in the Catholic Church is roughly equivalent to the patriarchal title catholicos in some Orthodox Churches. Catholicos is used internally by the Syro-Malankara Church for their major archbishop.^[7]

Suggestions have been made at various times to elevate major archbishops to patriarchs, most notably the major archbishop of the Ukrainians. Popes from Paul VI to Benedict XVI have rejected this suggestion, at least in part, on ecumenical grounds: it is the hope among Christians that these Catholic jurisdictions will one day be reunited with their Orthodox counterparts in a reunification of the Church; hence, establishing a "patriarchate" in the Ukraine, for instance, would be interpreted as an insult to the Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow (as it would seem to deny his legitimate holding of that title). Thus, for instance, though there was a strong movement within and after the Second Vatican Council to elevate the late Josyf Slipyj, then metropolitan of Lviv for the Ukrainians, to the status of patriarch, and though many of his admirers use this title for him when referring to him historically and many in the Ukraine use this title for their current major archbishop even today, Pope Paul VI specifically declined to grant this title and instead appointed Slipyj the first "major archbishop" of Lviv, thereby effectively creating this new title (the seat has since been moved to Kiev).