M18A1 Claymore Antipersonnel Mine
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The M18A1 Claymore is an anti-personnel mine used by the U.S. military. It was named after the large Scottish sword by its inventor, Norman A. MacLeod. The Claymore fires shrapnel, in the form of steel balls, out to about 100 meters across a 60° arc in front of the device. It is used primarily in ambushes and as an anti-infiltration device against enemy infantry. It is also of some use against soft-skinned vehicles.
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[edit] Nomenclature
The proper nomenclature for the Claymore in use with the United States military is Mine, Antipersonnel, M18A1. Other countries employ the same or similar mines with different designations. Examples are the former Soviet Union models MON-50, MON-90, MON-100, MON-200; MRUD (Serbia); No. 6 (Israel); MAPED F1 (France); Mini MS-803 (South Africa), and more.
All these mines are informally called "Claymores".
[edit] Operation and Effect
When detonated, the M18A1 Claymore delivers 700 spherical steel balls over a 60° fan-shaped pattern that is two meters high (6 ft, 8 in) and 50 meters (165 ft) wide at a range of 50 meters (165 ft). These fragments are moderately effective up to a range of 100 meters (328 ft) and can travel up to 250 meters (820 ft) forward of the weapon. The optimum effective range is 50 meters (165 ft), at which the optimal balance is achieved between lethality and area coverage.
The Claymore mine is typically deployed in one of three modes: Controlled, Uncontrolled, or Time-delayed.
- Controlled Mode (also known as Command Detonation)
- The mine is detonated by the operator as the forward edge of the enemy approaches a point within the killing zone (20 to 30 meters (65 to 100 ft)) where maximum casualties can be inflicted. Controlled detonation may be accomplished by use of either an electrical or nonelectrical firing system. When mines are employed in the controlled role, they are treated the same as individual weapons and are reported for inclusion in the unit fire plan. They are not reported as mines; however, the emplacing unit must ensure that the mines are either removed, detonated, or turned over to a relieving unit. The M57 Firing Device (colloquially referred to as the "clacker") is included with the M18A1 Claymore Mine so that it can be used in the controlled mode. When Claymore Mines are daisy chained together, one M57 firing device can initiate several claymore mines.
- Uncontrolled Mode (also known as Victim Initiated Detonation)
- Uncontrolled firing is accomplished when the mine is installed in such a manner as to cause an unsuspecting enemy to detonate the mine. Mines employed in this manner must be reported and recorded as land mines. There are many mechanisms that can be used to initiate the M18A1 in uncontrolled mode, including the M142 Multipurpose Firing Device, M5 Pressure Release Device (mousetrap), tripwires, strikers, infrared sensors, acoustic & vibration sensors.
- Time-delayed Mode
- Time-delayed firing involves the fitting of a short timed fuse and a fuse igniter to the mine to allow the mine to be used as an anti-pursuit deterrent. This, anecdotally, may be combined with a CS grenade or bag containing the irritant contained in a CS grenade. The mine is emplaced, quickly oriented on the direction pursuers are most likely to take, and the fuse ignited before the position is abandoned.
When in use by the U.S. Military, the M18A1 Claymore Anti-Personnel Mine is most often command-detonated. Such use is permitted by the Mine Ban Treaty. However, use of Claymore mines in uncontrolled (tripwire) mode is prohibited by the treaty.[1] Because of this uncontrolled mode, it is frequently listed in efforts to ban anti-personnel mines. While the United States has been an active participant in worldwide demining operations, and has signed the 1996 Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, it has not signed the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, commonly known as the land mine ban treaty. Under the 1996 Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines the US forces may legally use the claymore in victim initiated detonation as long as provisions of the protocol are met. Provisions of the protocol center around confining landmines to clearly known and marked areas such that the chances of civilian incursion into mined areas is so low as to minimize civilian risks and casualties. As such, it is a requirement for the individual U.S. soldier & Marine to know how to properly deploy and emplace the M18A1 landmine in compliance with appropriate regulations.
[edit] History
[edit] Misznay-Schardin effect
The M18 is based on the Misznay-Schardin effect, independently discovered during World War II by Misznay, a Hungarian, and Dr. Hubert Schardin, a German. When a sheet of explosive detonates in contact with a heavy backing surface (for example, a metal plate), the resulting blast is primarily directed away from the surface in a single direction. Schardin spent some time developing the discovery as a side-attack anti-tank weapon, but development was incomplete at the end of the war.
[edit] M18
Following the massed Chinese attacks during the Korean War, the U.S. Army developed the German design into an anti-personnel weapon that would fire hundreds of small balls in one shot. The rear of the device was a steel sheet covered with the explosive, and in front was an air space packed with the shot. When the explosive detonates the majority of the force is directed forward, sending the balls out the front at high velocity. Claymores were not buried like mines but were placed above ground pointed towards the likely location of the enemy.
[edit] M18A1
The M18A1 was standardized in 1960 for the Vietnam War, and replaced the M18 antipersonnel weapon. Both weapons are similar in appearance and functionality. The M18A1 has an olive coloured plastic casing (inert training versions are blue) with the words "Front Toward Enemy" on it. It is 216 mm (8 in) long, 83 mm (3 in) high, and 36 mm (1.5 in) deep with two sets of adjustable legs. Inside are 650 grams (1.5 lb) of plastic explosive and 700 steel balls. It is equipped with a knife edge style sight on currently fielded models (older models featured a fixed plastic slit-type sight which was not as effective for aiming and resulted in the mine being aimed too low, shortening the blast radius), and two detonator wells. The weapon and all its accessories are carried in the M7 bandoleer. An instruction sheet for the M18A1 is attached to the inside cover of the bandoleer.
[edit] National copies
A number of licensed and unlicensed copies of the mine were produced.
- M18 Chile
- Type 66 China
- KM18A1 South Korea
- K440 South Korea, slightly smaller than the Claymore with 770 fragments.
- No 6 Israel
- P5 Mk1 Pakistan
- MON-50 Russia
- Shrapnel mine No 2 South Africa
- Försvarsladdning 21 Sweden
- MDH-C40 Vietnam
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Banning Antipersonnel Mines. Landmine monitor 2001 report.
