Luna programme
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The Luna programme (occasionally called Lunik) was a series of robotic spacecraft missions sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union between 1959 and 1976. Fifteen were successful, each designed as either an orbiter or lander, and accomplished many firsts in space exploration. They also performed many experiments, studying the Moon's chemical composition, gravity, temperature, and radiation. Twenty-four spacecraft were formally given the Luna designation, although more were launched. Those which failed to reach orbit were not publicly acknowledged at the time and not assigned a Luna number and ones which failed in low Earth orbit were usually given Cosmos designations[1].
They are named the Luna programme because Luna is the Russian word for Moon.
Luna 1 missed its intended impact with the Moon and became the first spacecraft to fall into orbit around the Sun. In 1959, the Luna 2 mission successfully impacted upon the lunar surface, becoming the first man-made object to reach the Moon. Luna 3 rounded the Moon later that year, and returned the first photographs of its far side, which can never be seen from Earth.
Luna 9 became the first probe to achieve a soft landing on another planetary body (February 1966). It returned five black and white stereoscopic circular panoramas, which were the first close-up shots of the Lunar surface. Later that year Luna 10 became the first artificial satellite of the Moon.
Luna 17 and Luna 21 even carried roving vehicles which roamed around on the Moon's terrain (see Lunokhod programme).
Another major achievement of the Luna programme was the ability to collect samples of lunar soil and return them to Earth, by 1970.
The Apollo missions, however, returned much more Moon soil. The Soviet program returned 0.326 kg of lunar samples while the US program returned over 480 kg, some selected on-site by a geologist. However, robotic exploration is the current mainstream of Solar System research. Late Luna missions were the first advanced missions of the kind.
- Luna 1958A
- Launch failure September 23, 1958
- Lunar impact attempt
- Luna 1958B
- Launch failure October 11, 1958
- Lunar impact attempt
- Luna 1958C
- Launch failure December 4, 1958
- Lunar impact attempt
- Luna 1
- Luna 1959A
- Luna 2
- Launched September 12, 1959
- Impacted Moon September 14, 1959 at ~07:30:00 UT
- Latitude 29.10 N, Longitude 0.00 - Palus Putredinis
- Luna 3
- Luna 1960A
- Luna 1960B
- Luna - Sputnik 25
- Luna 1963B
- Launch failure February 3, 1963
- Soft landing attempt
- Luna 4
- Luna 1964A
- Luna 1964B
- Luna - Cosmos 60
- Luna 1965A
- Luna 5
- Launched May 9, 1965
- Impacted Moon (soft landing attempt) - Sea of Clouds
- Luna 6
- Luna 7
- Launched October 4, 1965
- Lunar Impact - Oceanus Procellarum
- Luna 8
- Launched December 3, 1965
- Lunar Impact - Sea of Storms
- Luna 9
- Launched January 31, 1966
- Landed on Moon February 3, 1966 at 18:44:52 UT
- Latitude 7.08 N, Longitude 295.63 E - Oceanus Procellarum
- Luna - Cosmos 111
- Luna 10
- Luna 1966A
- Luna 11
- Luna 12
- Launched October 22, 1966
- Lunar Orbiter
- Luna 13
- Launched December 21, 1966
- Landed on Moon December 24, 1966 at 18:01:00 UT
- Latitude 18.87 N, 297.95 E - Oceanus Procellarum
- Luna 1968A
- Launch failure February 7, 1968
- Lunar Orbiter attempt
- Luna 14
- Luna 1969A
- Launch failure February 19, 1969
- Lunar Rover attempt
- Luna 1969B
- Luna 1969C
- Luna 15
- Luna - Cosmos 300
- Launched September 23, 1969
- Lunar Sample Return attempt (failed to escape orbit and decayed back into the atmosphere after four days)
- Luna - Cosmos 305
- Launched October 22, 1969
- Lunar Sample Return attempt (failed to escape orbit and decayed back into the atmosphere after two days)
- Luna 1970A
- Launch failure February 6, 1970
- Lunar Sample Return attempt
- Luna 1970B
- Launch failure February 19, 1970
- Lunar Orbiter attempt
- Luna 16
- Launched September 12, 1970
- Landed on Moon September 20, 1970 at 05:18:00 UT
- Latitude 0.68 S, Longitude 56.30 E - Mare Fecunditatis
- Lunar Sample Return to Earth September 24, 1970
- Luna 17/Lunokhod 1
- Launched November 10, 1970
- Landed on Moon November 17, 1970 at 03:47:00 UT
- Latitude 38.28 N, Longitude 325.00 E - Mare Imbrium
- Lunar Rover - Lunokhod 1
- Luna 18
- Launched September 2, 1971
- Lunar Impact (Lunar Sample Return attempt)
- Latitude 3.57 N, Longitude 50.50 E - Mare Fecunditatis
- Luna 19
- Launched September 28, 1971
- Lunar Orbiter
- Luna 20
- Launched February 14, 1972
- Landed on Moon February 21, 1972 at 19:19:00 UT
- Latitude 3.57 N, Longitude 56.50 E - Mare Fecunditatis
- Lunar Sample Return to Earth February 25, 1972
- Luna 21/Lunokhod 2
- Launched January 8, 1973
- Landed on Moon January 15, 1973 at 23:35:00 UT
- Latitude 25.85 N, Longitude 30.45 E - LeMonnier Crater
- Lunar Rover - Lunokhod 2
- Luna 22
- Luna 23
- Launched October 28, 1974
- Lunar Lander (Lunar Sample Return attempt) - Mare Crisium
- Luna 1975A
- Launch failure October 16, 1975
- Lunar Sample Return attempt - Mare Crisium
- Luna 24
- Launched August 9, 1976
- Landed on Moon August 18, 1976 at 02:00:00 UT
- Latitude 12.25 N, Longitude 62.20 E - Mare Crisium
- Lunar Sample Return- Mare Crisium
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
| Luna programme |
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| Luna 1958A | Luna 1958B | Luna 1958C | Luna 1 | Luna 1959A | Luna 2 | Luna 3 | Luna 1960A | Luna 1960B | Sputnik 25 | Luna 1963B | Luna 4 | Luna 1964A | Luna 1964B | Cosmos 60 | Luna 1965A | Luna 5 | Luna 6 | Luna 7 | Luna 8 | Luna 9 | Cosmos 111 | Luna 10 | Luna 1966A | Luna 11 | Luna 12 | Luna 13 | Luna 1968A | Luna 14 | Luna 1969A | Luna 1969B | Luna 1969C | Luna 15 | Cosmos 300 | Cosmos 305 | Luna 1970A | Luna 1970B | Luna 16 | Luna 17 | Luna 18 | Luna 19 | Luna 20 | Luna 21 | Luna 22 | Luna 23 | Luna 1975A | Luna 24 | ||||
