Lucy tuning
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LucyTuning is a meantone temperament system in which the fifth is 600+300/π ≈ 695.5 cents, 4.5 cents flatter than that of 12-tone equal temperament. Its main advocate is Charles E. H. Lucy, who discovered it among the eighteenth century writings of John Harrison.
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[edit] Description
The LucyTuned perfect fifth is 0.0384 cents sharper than the fifth of 88-tone equal temperament, and 0.01015 cents flatter than 3/10-comma meantone, and therefore is audibly indistinguishable from either. Discriminating individual pitches to within a cent of accuracy is beyond the ability of most people and discriminating small fractions of a cent is impossible to all. A difference of a small fraction of a cent can be audible under certain conditions by use of beating if more than one pitch is sounded at the same time, but in the case of the difference between a Lucy-Tuned fifth, which is approximately 133/89, and a nearby fifth there are no beats which can be used.
An upward step of a whole tone may be described as a leap of two perfect fifths up and an octave down, so in LucyTuning it will be 2(600+300/π)-1200 = 600/π ≈ 190.99 cents. The major third ( an interval spanning two whole tones) is therefore 1200/π cents, which is an octave divided logarithmically by π or the π-th root of two. This works out as 381.972 cents, 4.342 cents flatter than a just major third. A diatonic semitone is the interval between a major third and a fourth, which in LucyTuning will be (600-300/π)-1200/π = 600-1500/π cents, or 122.535 cents. Any interval can equally well be expressed in terms of octaves and fifths or whole tones and diatonic semitones.
If we call the whole tone L and the diatonic semitone s, for Large and small, the familiar diatonic scale is LLsLLLs in major mode, and a Lucy-Tuned diatonic scale will be one with the above specific values for L and s.
In Robert Smith's Harmonics of 1749 we find the following description of Harrison's system of tuning:
- He told me he took a thin ruler equal in length to the smallest string of his base viol. and divided it as a monochord, by taking the interval of the major IIId, to that of the VIIIth, as the diameter of a circle, to its circumference. Then by the divisions on the ruler applied to that string, he adjusted the frets upon the neck of the viol. and found the harmony of the consonances so extremely fine that after a very small and gradual lengthening of the other strings at the nut, by reason of their greater stiffness he acquiesced in that manner the placing of the frets.
While Smith himself interpreted this somehow to mean that Harrison's major thirds were a comma flat, it does seem to say that the proportion of third to octave is 1:π, which only seems to make sense if it is interpreted so that this proportion is logarithmic, or in other words, that Harrison's third is the 1200/π third of LucyTuning.
[edit] Charles Lucy on LucyTuning
- Many musicians believe that extreme precision is significant in musical tuning, as different beat frequencies are heard, which are characteristic of each different tuning.
- I appreciate that I could appear to be beating angels on pinheads to death. Yet ... There is a valid reason for my demands about precision.
- I am thinking beyond only the cent values, and preparing for the day when the precision of our tuning technology improves, the production, analysis and discussion of beat frequencies will then become both practical and significant.
- From this research into tuning, a harmonic and scale structure has been mapped by a unique system of ScaleCoding, which can be used for the analysis, synthesis and organization of musical scales. Using LucyTuning is seems that simultaneously heard notes which are closer on the spiral of fourths and fifths sound more consonant than those which are separated by more steps along the spiral.
Contemporary writings show that there was considerable animosity between Smith and Harrison about their different concepts of music tuning.
Harrison clearly states in his writings that he believed that the most harmonious intervals were at positions other than at integer frequency ratios. He expressed contemptuous regard for just intonation. Competition between these two opposing paradigms continues into the twenty-first century.
Lucy patented the system in 1988 (GB2202985), claiming the tuning as well as its use in fretted string instruments as well as electronic instruments.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Tuning system derived from π and the writings of John 'Longitude' Harrison
- Lucy Scale Developments
- LucyTuned Lullabies (from around the world)
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| Pythagorean · Just intonation · Harry Partch's 43-tone scale | |||||
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