Longboard (skateboard)
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A longboard is a skateboard with a longer and sometimes wider shape. Longboards are most commonly used for either downhill racing, slalom, or transportation. The longboard shape provides added stability, safety, and comfort. Their greater weight makes them less suitable for many skateboard tricks, but contributes to a fluid motion by providing more momentum. Thus, a longboard will roll farther with a single push of the foot. Longboarding is often compared to surfing on concrete, and the design allows big turns or quick short carves similar to a surfboard.
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[edit] History
Longboarding became popular alongside emerging surfing culture through the mid 1900s.[citation needed]
[edit] Equipment
Longboard equipment is very similar to comparable shortboard equipment, but with modifications suitable for the application. It is most common for longboarders to wear gloves and a helmet. Even though longboarding involves great risk to one's head most longboarders do not wear helmets. Wrist, elbow and knee protection are also recommended. For an introduction to skateboard equipment in general, see Skateboard.
Most longboards measure between 90 and 150 cm (35.4-59 inches). Longer boards are rare because the longer board requires more room to maneuver. There are several different shapes of longboards including: pintails, flat nose riders, and boards shaped like a longer shortboard. Pintails permit looser trucks and larger diameter wheels better suited for carving or a "surfy" feel. Mid-length boards, 100-130 cm (39.0-50.7 inches) are the most versatile.
[edit] Decks
Longboard decks are made of shaped wood or composite materials, designed to balance properties of weight, stiffness, flex, and twist, while offering a secure stance, and accommodating the height and weight of the rider. The simplest decks are made from 7 to 10 plys of 1/16" thick birch or maple. These plys are glued together, and pressed into the desired shape with a vacuum, hydraulic, or manual press. More complex decks include the use of fiberglass and carbon fiber for decreased weight and increased stiffness, solid hardwoods for stiffness and aesthetics, foam cores for rigidity and light weight, and even exotic woods, like bamboo.
Decks are often given curvature that enhances their use. A board that is bent up in the center (when viewed from the side), is said to have camber, while a board that bends down in the center is said to have rocker. Camber makes a board 'bouncier' which is a good quality for some styles. Rocker allows a lower center of gravity, and a sensation of being 'cradled' by the deck during riding similar to the rocker in a surfboard. Decks may also be curved up at the edges (when viewed down the long axis), which is called concave. Concave bends add stiffness, leverage, and allow the rider to feel the edge of the deck without looking. Other bends, such as a bend up at the tail or nose (kicktails), or a deep drop at the center of the board to dramatically lower center of gravity are common on more specialized decks.
Many people have explored outside the realm of brand name equipment and find making their own decks as highly beneficial. A great variation that some riders enjoy is in the covering over the top of the deck. Some decks will have grip tape, basically a sheet of sandpaper covering the deck itself. Some decks are covered with sand and a liquid fiberglass that makes the deck extremely rough and easy to grip. Many riders enjoy adding their personal touch to their boards, often painting or carving in their own artwork straight on the deck.
[edit] Wheel types
Longboards are usually fitted with polyurethane wheels between 100mm and 60mm, that are available in various durometers. A larger wheel provides a higher top speed compared to a smaller wheel, while the latter accelerates more quickly. A larger wheel will also be able to ride better on rougher surfaces. The durometer is typically in the 75a to 90a range. Typical shortboard wheels are much harder, about 98a. Most softer wheels will have inserts called "cores," made of a harder material to retain the bearings' position relative to the wheel and axle.
Longboard wheels also come in many different shapes to suit the different disciplines. Wheel size may be a concern due to the type of deck and hardware installed on the longboard. As the longboard is turned, the deck may touch the wheels if the trucks are not far enough from the deck. This is known as wheelbite and can stop the longboard quickly, causing the rider to be thrown off the board. This problem usually occurs with larger wheels, as they are more likely to hit the deck. There are several ways of solving this problem, wheel cut outs on the deck let the board turn and the cut out sections of the deck are no longer there to hit the wheels. Increasing the distance from the trucks to the deck using riser pads can also stop this problem, as the deck no longer gets low enough to touch the wheels.
[edit] Bearings
There are many different choices of bearings for a longboard. The bearings sit inside of the wheel, and attach to the ends of the truck hangers. Various types include steel ball bearings, and ceramic bearings. Steel ball bearings are mainstream bearings that are in widespread use, and readily available in skateshops and online distributors. Steel ball bearings are meant for the average skateboarder. Ceramic bearings are meant for the riders who have more stringent demands. They cost much more than steel ball bearings, but have less friction. The advantages for ceramic ball bearings include a smoother roll (if kept clean), and a lighter weight as compared to steel. Their thermal resistance makes them ideal for high speed downhill runs. Two of the main materials used in manufacturing of the ceramic balls is ceramic Cerbec® silicon nitride, and ceramic Zirconium Oxide.
[edit] Trucks
There are several different types of longboard trucks, differing from shortboard trucks in many ways. The primary difference is that the hangers are often wider to accommodate the different sized decks, with 150mm and 180mm being two of the most common widths. There are also different longboard trucks for different disciplines, as well as all-purpose trucks. Many trucks are equipped with special features, such as inverted kingpins, as well as spring-loaded trucks, and variable tilt designs. Trucks designed for maneuverability will have a softer urethane bushing or spring, which allow the truck to turn with ease. A downhill-type truck will usually have a harder bushing or spring to stabilize the board at high speeds. Urethane bushings are also rated on the durometer scale; the harder the bushing, the harder it is to turn the truck.
All trucks have different turning angles. This is known as the truck's geometry. The geometry of the trucks affects how much the board will turn. The geometry can be adjusted through the use of angled risers or "wedges," which are mounted between the deck and the truck's baseplate. The turning angle will increase if the trucks are angled toward the outside of the deck. If the trucks are angled to the inside of the deck, turning angle will decrease, which can improve stability. Randal R-II trucks come stock at 50 degrees on the hangers. This is a typical angle for general purpose trucks as it allows the board to turn well at a variety of speeds. Randal Downhill style trucks have a turning angle of 35 degrees which is better suited to high speed skating.
Another type of truck, unique to longboards, is the torsion truck. Torsion trucks operate differently from standard trucks in that they twist a urethane bushing or metal spring rather than using two compression bushings to return the truck to a straight position. Revenge torsion trucks have a locking mechanism that prevents wheel bite when the truck hangers turn too far. Wheel bite is created when a wheel locks or "bites" the deck when the board is turned too hard and causes the board to stop immediately. The design allows for a much tighter turning radius at the expense of high-speed stability.
[edit] Board and riding styles
[edit] Transportation
Boards designed for transportation or commuting are the most common types of longboards. The boards are usually 100-130 cm (39.0-50.3 inches) long and do not have a shorter nose. The boards are flexible to provide a more comfortable ride and are often shaped to resemble surfboards. Their trucks are set up loosely to allow for narrow turns. It is useful to have a kicktail on a commuting longboard in order to corner on sidewalks and to lift the front of the board when riding off curbs.
[edit] Slalom
Similar to other slalom disciplines, slalom longboards are designed to zigzag between obstacles as quickly as possible. The boards are usually 63-89 cm (24.6-34.7 inches) long, and often made of high tech materials such as carbon fiber. The shorter boards are used on tighter courses, and longer boards are used on steeper, faster courses and giant slalom. Many slalom longboarders have several different boards set up for different types of courses. The trucks are attached to the very ends of the board and the boards often have narrow ends to allow a tighter turning radius. Slalom longboards are used almost exclusively for competitive longboarding. Slalom wheels have a much larger contact patch for better traction. Slalom trucks are often much narrower to allow a tighter turning radius.
[edit] Downhill
Downhill longboards, or speedboards, are used for riding down mountain roads as fast as possible. These boards are usually 95-110 cm (38 - 43 inches) long and very stiff. The trucks are attached to the ends of the board to maximize the wheelbase length. A longer distance between the front and rear wheels, known as the wheelbase, will increase stability, while a shorter wheelbase will increase the turning potential of the board. In order to lower the center of gravity, downhill longboards sometimes feature a lowered platform. The deck may be mounted below the baseplate of the axles (drop through configuration), or by the shape of the deck itself (dropped deck). Wider more stable trucks may be used as well as axel bearings that rotate independently of wheel bearings to further increase top speed. Downhill longboarders sometimes use streamlined helmets to reduce aerodynamic drag.
[edit] Dancers
Dancing is a relatively new form of longboarding that involves G-turns, 'walking', manuals and cross-stepping. Dancing is very much stance-orientated. It was created, and popularised, by Adam Colton and Adam Stokowski[1]. Dancers are generally the same length as cruisers, but are normally thinner.
[edit] Cruisers
Cruising is a relaxed style, usually performed at slow speeds and involving tricks imported from classic surfboarding such as hanging ten, cross-stepping, and drop-knee-turns. Cruising longboards are typically much longer than the usual longboard, 150 - 200 cm (60 to 80 inches) or more, and often closely resemble the surfboards that they borrow their style from.
[edit] Trick boards
Trick boards are similar to the short skateboards in shape and construction but are longer and usually wider. The trick boards are seldom longer than 110 cm (42.9 inches). Tricks that can be performed on these boards are the same tricks that can be performed on a short skateboard but the heavier weight and larger size of the board require more skill and strength from the skater. See skateboard trick for further details.
[edit] Schlongboards
A Schlongboard is a hybrid board created with a shortboard and the trucks and wheels of a longboard. The shortboard trucks are removed, and the new trucks are drilled into the tail and nose of the shortboard (among other variations). This allows for a low ground clearance. Schlongboards are normally D.I.Y. projects.
[edit] Hybrids
A relatively recent development in the longboarding world. Companies have been experimenting with unconventional wheeled-board designs, boards built from actual surfboard materials, modifying decks, trucks, and even the number of wheels on the board. These boards typically have improved downhill performance (control and/or turning radius) when compared to longboards, but are often slower or more hindersome to push on flat surfaces.
- See also: Freebord, Flowboard, Wave Board
[edit] Extreme Distance Skating
Longboards are being used all over the world for long-distance travel. The boards that are used normally have a lower centre and are lighter than normal boards. A tradition of combining these journies with charitable fundraising has emerged.[2][3][4]
Perhaps the most famous board in the world, Elsa (a Rolls Rolls carbon longboard) has over 7000km under her wheels.[citation needed]
[edit] Techniques
[edit] Braking
Air Brake
Air braking involves standing upright on your board as tall as possible with arms outstretched to catch as much wind resistance as possible. This is primarily done in speed boarding to reduce speed but is not an effective way to stop. This only works at high speeds.
Foot Brakes
Foot braking involves putting one foot on the road while balancing on the board with the other foot. This technique can be used to reduce speed or come to a full stop.
Carving
Carving is an effective way to control speed when traveling downhill. Instead of coming to a complete stop, the rider makes a continuous "S" path by leaning left and right. By making so many turns the speed can be controlled and maintained. This can also be done while wearing slider gloves. The rider can grab the side of the board while crouching and lean uphill. The other hand is then placed on the ground on the uphill side. This is then repeated going the opposite direction. At high speeds it can result in loss of traction.
Slide Brake
- See also Slides (skateboarding)
Slide braking or sliding is a very important skill for longboard skaters who regularly downhill. To slide brake the skater quickly turns his/her board sideways into a controlled slide, to stop. A slide can be performed backside or frontside. With practice a skater can burn off speed very quickly in a relatively narrow roadway. Generally a skater sliding should have gloves because a hand is often placed on the ground for balance and control in the slide, however it is possible to slide to a stop, while moving less quickly, either hands free or with minimal hand to ground contact. See .
Drifting
A drift is when the board loses traction around the turn causing it to slide sideways. It is a controlled sliding movement designed to reduce speed or to impress spectators. The same equipment is used as for a slide; the only variation is in hand positions. Drifting is most commonly used in downhill racing, to negotiate turns that are entered at high speed or are too tight to make. Controlled sliding (drifting) is also common in slalom competition and is used for similar reasons. Drifting can also occur accidentally when 'carving.'
[edit] Pumping
See Pumping on Skateboard for pump explanation
[edit] Boardwalking
Boardwalking is a technique that consists of moving ones feet, in front of, or behind, the other (cross-stepping) up and down the deck. Usually this technique is practiced by a longboarder with a longer deck (40+ inches). Different variations of boardwalking depend on the imagination of the rider. Twists, turns, hopping, jumping etc. can all be considered more technical variations of boardwalking.
[edit] Skogging
Skogging is the alternating use of both legs while pushing a longboard for fun and fitness. Skogging is generally done along long flat sections of terrain where pushing with only one foot would be overly tiresome and works well in conjunction with board walking "tricks".
[edit] Risks
Due to the greater speed involved while going downhill (often 45+ MPH in mountain roads, but generally no more than 25 in the average parking garage setting), riders should wear padding and protection at least as protective as that used for a short skateboard. However, for higher speeds and riskier courses, professional riders often use safety equipment on the same level as that used by motorcyclists and dirt bikers, such as full Kevlar suits. At a minimum a downhill skater should wear plastic cap knee pads, gloves with plastic "pucks" (slider gloves), and a helmet. The plastic caps on the knee pads and pucks on the gloves will permit a falling rider to land on his/her hands and knees and slide to absorb the impact and disperse speed. Helmets are important because minor head impacts can be fatal. Other than traffic, the greatest danger to any board rider is a "speed wobble," a situation where excessive speed combined with a less experienced rider and/or a poorly suited board for the course causes the board to swerve rapidly from side to side, throwing the rider off. This risk can be minimized by using a longer board, with wider trucks (such as 180 mm), tightening one's trucks before "bombing" a big hill, leaping off the board into soft dirt or grass when available, performing a running stop, or if no other options are available, riding a less "turny" board with a lower center of gravity and harder bushings, as well as controlling one's speed by "carving" like a skier, (i.e., side-to-side weaving down the course. If one is thrown off the board by a speed wobble, one can minimize possible injury by rolling stop. These techniques are crucial as attempting to absorb a fall by simply sticking one's hands out would almost surely result in broken bones and torn ligaments, and experienced riders with comparable protective gear may be observed to leave a crash that would have badly injured a new rider with only superficial bruises and abrasions.
Longboards are classified as skateboards in the eyes of the law and are therefore subject to the same laws and restrictions as skateboards. Many of these laws are in place to give an officer of the law a reason to intiate contact[citation needed]. Lawsuit protection is also a concern. For example, if a boarder is hit by a car or falls because of a large fault in the pavement it is the boarders fault because he was doing something illegal in the first place. It is in rare cases that an officer will ticket the boarder for cruising safely and not interfering with the flow of traffic or pedestrians.[citation needed]
Longboarding is also banned in many public areas due to its association with the property damage and liabilities caused by street/trick skaters.
[edit] References
- ^ whoisadamcolton.com - dancer style
- ^ Push for the cure - charitable distance skating
- ^ Beats walk in europe - charitable distance skating
- ^ Boardfree- charitable distance skating
