London School Board
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The School Board for London (often abbreviated to the SBL and known colloquially as the London School Board) was an institution of local government and the first directly elected body covering the whole of London.
The Elementary Education Act 1870 was the first to provide for education for the whole population of England and Wales. It created elected school boards, which had power to build and run schools where there were insufficient voluntary school places; they could also compel attendance. In most places, the school boards were based on borough districts or civil parishes, but in London the board covered the whole area of the Metropolitan Board of Works -- the area today known as Inner London.
Between 1870 and 1904, the SBL was the single largest educational provider in London and the infrastructure and policies it developed were an important influence on London schooling long after the body was abolished.
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[edit] School board members
The SBL was elected from ten divisions, based around London's constituencies. Four divisions, representing the City, Southwark, Chelsea and Greenwich returned four members. The divisions of Lambeth, Tower Hamlets, Hackney and Westminster returned five members each. Finally, Finsbury and Marylebone returned six and seven members respectively. The Lambeth division, covering the largest area, was eventually sub-divided into two smaller divisions, Lambeth East and Lambeth West.
The electoral system of the SBL contained several innovations. Firstly, the board's election of 1870 was polled by secret ballot, being the first large-scale election to use this approach in Britain. Secondly, the cumulative voting system gave electors a number of votes equal to the number of seats in the division in which they were voting. The elector could use up as many of their votes on a single candidate as they wished, which meant that minority interests often found representation.
The SBL, at the time of its creation had one of the broadest mandates of any elected body in Britain. Unusually, women were permitted to vote on the same terms as men for the school boards and also to stand for election. A number of women were elected to the board, including Elizabeth Garrett, who topped the poll at the first board election in 1870.
One measure of the SBL's importance can be seen in the number of notable figures who stood for election to the board. The board attracted a number of the leading figures of the day, including the scientist Thomas Huxley, Helen Taylor, step-daughter of John Stuart Mill, and Lord Lawrence, who served as the SBL's first chairman. The board was also responsible for launching a number of political careers, including those of Charles Reed, Benjamin Waugh, and the Conservative cabinet minister, William Henry Smith.
[edit] Work of the school board
The original intention of the board was to provide a sufficient number of school places for the poorest children in London, which were originally estimated at little more than 100,000.[1] The policy adopted by the SBL was to provide London with modern, high-quality schools, whilst compelling parents, by law, to educate their children. Although education would not be compulsory on a national level until 1880, the board passed a by-law in 1871 that compelled parents to have their children schooled between the ages of five and thirteen.
The SBL was largely successful in their aims and often struggled to keep up with the demand for their services. For instance, by the end of the 1880s, the board was providing school places for more than 350,000 children.[2] This growth was frequently attributed to the quality of school premises, which were often far superior to those of private or charity schools. The board was responsible for constructing over four hundred schools across London, many of which are still in use.
[edit] Abolition of the board
Although the school boards had been largely successful in increasing the number of children attending school in Britain, they were bureaucratic, decentralised and often expensive. As a response to this, the boards were abolished by the Education Act of 1902, which replaced them with Local Education Authorities.
In London, the London County Council had been created in 1889 to replace the Metropolitan Board of Works and in 1904 the responsibility for education in London was transferred to the LCC. The LCC itself was abolished in 1965, with education for the former School Board area passing to the Inner London Education Authority, a committee of the Greater London Council. The ILEA was abolished in 1990, with the inner London borough councils becoming education authorities.
[edit] References
- ^ School Board for London], The Work of Three Years, December 1870 – November 1873 (London: SBL, 1873), 3.
- ^ School Board for London, Report of the School Board for London (London: SBL, 1887), 4.
[edit] See also
[edit] Further reading
- Education in Britain 1750-1914, W B Stephens, 1998, ISBN 0-333-60512-8
- Educational Documents, England and Wales 1816 to the present day, J Stuart MacLure, 1965, 1979, ISBN 0-416-72810-3 370.942
