Local School Councils
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Every Chicago public school has a Local School Council (LSC) which consists of parents, community members, teachers, and the principal of the school. All members of the council are elected and conduct monthly meetings which the public can attend.
Local school councils are the site based management team of each school. Their primary responsibility is to select the school’s principal, renew the principal’s contract, approve the School Improvement Plan for Advancing Academic Achievement and approve the school’s budget for the school year.
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[edit] History
The Chicago School Reform Act of 1988 created local school councils for all Chicago Public Schools. The newly formed councils consisted of the principal, two teachers, six parents, two community members, and a student representative on high school councils.
The push for reform came from a couple directions, first the declaration President Reagan’s Secretary of Education that Chicago public schools were the worst in the nation, and continued teacher’s strikes which in September 1987 lasted for nineteen days.
The Reform Act was a product of grass roots work to improve Chicago public schools through decentralization. The Chicago School Reform Act was a state law directed only at changing the Chicago schools which exercised much less local control than other school systems in the state. Many complained that the bureaucratic organization of the school system did not allow for parental or community input. The Reform Act put strong faith in the ability of parents, community members, and educators to govern their children’s school.
By creating the local school councils, parents and community members could exercise real control over their schools. This reform also ended principal tenure which had allowed principals to stay in their position for life. After the reform, all principals were selected by the local school councils and were only given four year contracts, after which they had to reapply. Members of LSCs were also given significant control over their school’s use of funds by shaping and approving the budget. Curricular changes were also under the control of the councils, as they implemented the School Improvement Plans (SIP).
Since the Reform Act, the Chicago schools have gone through more changes and reforms, but the basic structure of the local school councils are still in place. The 1995 Chicago School Reform Act gave the mayor of Chicago more control over the schools and the ability to appoint a five member Board of Trustees and Chief Executive Officer. The Board of Trustees was given the power to intervene in low performing schools, which some critics felt took power away from the local school councils. Also, the CEO implemented city wide curriculum standards which took some policy control away from the school. The local school council still retains the ability to hire principals, but as changes were made, the principal is increasingly responsible to the district authority and the Board has veto power over LSCs’ decision to renew a principal’s contract. But, with most of the school-level authority left intact, Chicago still remains the most decentralized big city educational system in the nation.
[edit] Election Process
Everyone over the age of 18 may vote at all schools where they are eligible. Parents may vote at schools in their area and any school where they have a child in attendance. Voters do not need to be citizens and are eligible at the elementary and high school in their area. Voters can vote for any combination of community and parent representatives, but may only vote for five candidates.
Parents of students are eligible to run for parent representative on the LSC. Parents must pass a criminal background check and they can not be employed by the Board of Education to run for representative. Parents do not need a college or high school degree nor must they be a legal resident of the United States to run. All that is required of parents is an interest and willingness to participate in their child’s education.
Community representatives must live in the attendance area or voting district of that school and do not have a child currently enrolled in that school. Community representatives also may not be employed by the board. Similar to the parent reps, there are no education or citizenship requirements.
A teacher representative must be employed and assigned in a teaching position or in a position for which qualifications as a teacher are required; and employed to perform the majority of their employment duties at the school. Although principals are automatically a member of their school’s LSC, assistant principals are not eligible to serve on an LSC.
In high schools, students elect their own representative, too. Students must be a full time high school student to run for representative. Students serve one year terms, rather than two.
After election, all new LSC members are required to complete an 18 hour training program within six months of taking office.
[edit] LSC members
All members of local school councils are elected at their school. Every member is elected to fill a two year term and vacancies are filled through council appointments. Nearly 17,000 candidates ran for local school council in 1989, but in recent years the numbers have decreased despite major recruitment campaigns for parents and community members. In 2000, there were approximately 5,500 LSC seats and about 7,000 candidates, causing many candidates to go unchallenged. LSC elections occur every two years on the same day as spring report card pick up.
Critics of LSCs have pointed to the fact that there is no education requirement for representatives and that most have no training in educational policy before being elected. However, according to the Designs for Change report, “Chicago’s Local School Councils: What the Research Says,” LSC members are significantly better educated than the average American. 63% of LSC members hold a bachelors degree or have completed some college compared to only 48% of Americans and 41% of Chicagoans. Only 13% of LSC members did not receive a high school diploma compared to 18% of Americans and 34% of Chicagoans.
LSC members also closely mirror the racial and ethnic make-up of the city of Chicago, although reflect the make-up of the school system less accurately. The Chicago population is 38% African American, 20% Latino, and 38% White. 55% of Chicago public school students are African American, but only 42% of parent and community representatives are African American. 31% of students are Latino, but only 14% of LSC members are Latino. Only 11% of students are white, but 40% of LSC members are white, thus there are a much higher percentage of white parent and community representatives than the percentage of students.
Although there are a lower percentage of Latino and African American LSC representatives compared to the school’s enrollment, Chicago’s LSCs represent a major opportunity for African American and Latino leaders to serve their communities as elected officials. The African American and Latino LSC members represent the majority of elected minority officials in Illinois.
[edit] Meeting Structure
Local School Councils meet almost every month. All LSC meetings must be posted with the time, date and location of the meeting and what will be on the agenda.
Most LSC meetings are open to the public; the only closed meetings are those that discuss personnel information about the principals and teachers. At the beginning of each meeting, the LSC president asks for public comment from guests, community members, and parents. This is generally the only opportunity for the visitors to raise concerns and ask questions, but they may stay for the whole meeting to see what else is going on at the school.
After public comments, the president of the LSC typically leads the council in a variety of directions. The LSC can cover a wide range of issues in meetings; they may discuss busing, budgets, school improvements, curriculum changes, school events, and many other areas.
Although people are encouraged to come to the meetings, the meetings may be a little unclear to new visitors. The council members may discuss issues without explaining them to the visitors, but many council members stay after the meeting when they could be approached to further explain issues. Also, the principal of the school is always present at meetings and can be a valuable source of information and explanation.
[edit] LSC corruption
Critics predicted that there would be significant corruption in Local School Councils, but advocates for the Reform Act believed that corruption was less likely if the decision making authority was given to parents because their primary desire would be to improve their children’s education. Plus, reformers argued that sitting on the council of a single school would be less attractive to individuals planning to engage in corrupt behavior than serving on a large board that would govern many schools. In accordance with the reformers intention, Designs for Change have found evidence that corruption on Chicago’s LSC is extremely rare.
Chicago’s LSCs are placed under the strictest ethics and conflict of interest policy of any elected official in the state. They have strict rules restricting the hiring of relatives or business associates, rules not placed on state legislators or city council members. No LSC member has ever been convicted of corrupt activity related to their role on the council, although 12,000 Chicagoans have served on the LSC. In contrast, 15% of Chicago City Council members have been convicted of felonies since 1990.
