Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil
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Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil came about mostly due contact between colonial powers and the native population. Linguists study a language's lexicon for a number of reasons. Languages such as Tamil with centuries of literature and multi-cultural contact offer the chance to compare the various processes of lexical change. The words of foreign origin or loanwords illustrate those processes: calques, loanwords, the distinction between function words and content words.
Note: For information on the transcription used, see National Library at Calcutta romanization and Tamil script.
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[edit] European contribution
Sri Lankan Tamil dialects are distinct from the Tamil dialects used in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and other states of India. They are used in Sri Lanka and in the Tamil diaspora. Linguistic borrowings from European colonizers such as the Portuguese, English and the Dutch have also contributed to a unique vocabulary that is distinct from the colloquial usage of Tamil in the Indian mainland. Words that are peculiar to Sri Lankan Tamil dialects are marked with an asterisk (*).
[edit] Portuguese
Most Portuguese loan words are for item the native population lacked when the encounter happened circa 1505. Some are administrative terms, others are personal usage terms as well as items directly introduced from South America via the Portuguese traders. Most of these words are also shared with Sinhalese language users.
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| alumāri | cupboard | armário |
| annāsi | pineapple | ananás |
| alavangu | crow bar | alavanca |
| alupunethi | safety pin | alfinete |
| alugosu | executioner | algoz |
| baila | dance | baile or bailar |
| chuppu | suck | chupar or chupo |
| rothai | wheel | roda |
| savei | key | chave |
| jaṉṉal | window | janela |
| kathirai | chair | cadeira |
| kaju | cashew | caju |
| kalusan* | trousers | calças |
| kamicai* | shirt | camisa |
| kaṭatāsi* | paper | carta |
| koiappalam | guava | goiya[citation needed] |
| kōppai | dish | copo |
| kusini* | kitchen | cozinha |
| mēcai | table | mesa |
| pān* | bread | pão |
| pappāḷi/papā paḻam | papaya | papaia |
| pēnā | pen | pena |
| piṅkāṉ* | plate | palangana |
| pīppa | wooden cask, barrel | pipa |
| pu**ai | buttock | bunda |
| sapāttu | shoe | sapato |
| thavaranai | tavern | taverna |
| tācci* | metal pan | tacho |
| tompu* | title | tombo |
| tuvāy* | towel | toalha |
| vaṅki | bank | banco |
| veethuru | glass | vidro |
| veranta | verandah | varanda |
| viskottu | biscuit | biscoito |
[edit] Dutch
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| kakkūs | Toilet | kakhuis |
| kāmara* (rarely used) | Room | kamer |
| kantōr* | Office | kantoor |
| Thapal | Post | Tapal |
| kokkis | A type of sweetmeat | koekjes |
| piaskōpu (rarely used) | Cinema | bioscoop |
| tē(ttaṇṇīr)* | Tea | thé |
[edit] English
Sri Lankan Tamil dialects use countless number of English words; following are some of the unique ones.
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| kōppi* | Coffee | coffee |
| pattīs* | A kind of fried potato snack | patties |
| pilavus | Worn with Sari | blouse |
| rōls* | A kind of fried meat snack | rolls |
| tākkutar* | Doctor | doctor |
[edit] Civil conflict terminology
Black July induced civil conflict has introduced number of English and international words to the native population.
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| Claymore* | Land or aerial mine | Claymore |
| Heli* | Helicopter | Helicopter |
| Kafir* | Bomber | Kfir Bomber |
| Shell* | Mortar or artillery shells | Shell |
[edit] Sinhalese
Loanwords from the neighbouring Indo-European Sinhala are quite sparse in Sri Lankan Tamil (as opposed to the large number of Tamil loan words in Sinhala), which is most likely due to the relative isolation of the exclusively Tamil-speaking settlements in the North and East of the island.
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| cenai* | Part of place name ending | hena |
| kāmam* | Part of a place name | gama |
| kirāma cēvakaṉ* | Village Leader | grāma sēvakayā |
| kōviar* | Caste name | Govigama |
| (mālu) panis* | (fish) buns | (mālu) banis |
| mahattayā* | Sir, mister | mahattayā |
| piratēciya sapā* | Council | pradeśiya sabhāva |
| pitti | Part of a place name | pitiya |
| sarvōtayam * | Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement | sarvōdaya |
| Tuvaku | Gun | Tuvakuva |
| vitānayar* | Village headman | vidāna (muhandirama) |
[edit] Malay
There are also a few words from the Malay language. Malay words for edible fruits were introduced during the colonial period by traders[citation needed]. The same terminology is shared with Sinhalese.
| Word | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|
| maṅkostīn* | Type of Fruit | Mangosteen |
| ramputan* | A type of fruit | Rambutan |
| rempa* (rarely used) | Curry mix | Rempa |
| totol * | A type of sweetmeat | dodol |
| tūriyan* | Type of Fruit | Durian |
[edit] Arabic
The Arabic language contributes a large number of words into a form of Tamil that is spoken exclusively by Sri Lankan Moors, which was known as Arwi.
