Livestock branding
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Livestock branding is any technique for marking livestock so as to identify the owner. Originally, livestock branding only referred to the practice of burning a mark on livestock using a hot iron, though the term is now also used to refer to other alternative techniques such as freeze branding, ear tagging, and RFID tagging. In the American west, it has evolved into a complex marking system still in use today.
łṜ==History==
Originally the word brand meant anything hot or burning, such as a fire-brand, a burning stick; by the European Middle Ages it commonly identified the process of burning a mark into a stock animal with a thick hide, such as a cow, so as to identify ownership under animus revertendi. In the American West, a branding iron consisted of an iron rod with a seal-like mark which ranchers heated in a fire. After the branding iron turned red-hot, the rancher pressed the seal-like marker against the hide of the cow. The unique mark meant that the cow could then graze freely among other cattle on the free-range of the American West. Drovers could then separate the cattle at round-up time for driving to market. These customs of the American West evolved from the practices of the vaqueros.
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[edit] Modern usage
Free-range grazing is less common today than in the past. However, branding still has its uses. The main purpose is in proving ownership of lost or stolen animals. Many western US states have strict laws regarding brands, including brand registration and required brand inspections. In many cases, a brand on an animal is considered prima facie proof of ownership. (See Brand Book)
[edit] Freeze branding
In contrast to traditional hot-iron branding, freeze branding uses a branding iron that has been chilled with a coolant such as dry ice or liquid nitrogen. Rather than burning a scar into the animal, a freeze brand damages the pigment-producing hair cells, causing the animal's hair to grow white where the brand has been applied. Freeze brands cause less damage to the animal's hide than hot iron brands, are less painful, and can be more visible. Horses are frequently freeze-branded. At this time, hogs cannot be successfully freeze branded as their hair pigment cells are better protected. Also, freeze branding is slower, more expensive, and less predictable (more care is required in application to assure desired results).
[edit] Symbols in branding
Most brands in the United States are capital letters, numerals, other characters (such as slash, circle, half circle, cross, and bar), and combinations thereof. Brands of this type have a specialized language for "calling" the brand. Some owners prefer to use simple pictures; these brands are called using a short description of the picture (e.g., "rising sun"). Brands are called left to right, top to bottom, and outside in.
Letters and numerals can appear upright, reversed, or turned 90 degrees so that the character appears to be lying down or lazy. Upright symbols are called normally, reversed symbols are called with the word reverse before the name of the symbol (e.g. 
"reverse K"), and turned symbols similarly with the word lazy (e.g., 
"lazy 5"). Combinations of symbols can be made in the straightforward manner (left to right), or they may be connected (symbols are touching, 
), combined (symbols are partially overlaid, 
), or hanging (symbols are touching, but arranged top to bottom).
[edit] Ear Tag
Ear tags, also known as sheep tags or cattle tags, were first developed early in 1913 as a means to identify livestock, specifically cattle, when testing for tuberculosis. Today, ear tags in a variety of designs are used throughout the world on many species of animal to ensure traceability and disease control.
[edit] Tattoo
See: Tattoo
