List of vascular plants of Norfolk Island

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Foliage of Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island Pine), a well-known Norfolk Island endemic
Foliage of Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island Pine), a well-known Norfolk Island endemic

This is a list of vascular plants that are indigenous to, or naturalised on, Norfolk Island. The list is based on the most recent authoritative treatment of Norfolk Island, the 1994 Flora of Australia 49. That source is dated in places; for example its classification of the flowering plants uses the Cronquist system, aspects of which are no longer accepted. This list therefore differs from the Flora of Australia treatment in several areas; these are footnoted.

Contents

[edit] List of flora of Norfolk Island

Norfolk Island has 523 taxa of vascular plants, 136 of which are indigenous, and 387 naturalised. 44 of the indigenous taxa are endemic. There are two endemic genera, Ungeria and Streblorrhiza.

[edit] Eudicotyledons

The eudicots[1] are represented on Norfolk Island by 75 families, 220 genera, and 287 species.

Acanthaceae
Aizoaceae
  • Carpobrotus glaucescens
  • Tetragonia implexicoma
  • Tetragonia tetragonioides
Amaranthaceae[3]
Anacardiaceae
Apiaceae
Apocynaceae
  • Alyxia gynopogon (Endemic)
  • Melodinus baueri (Endemic)
  • Vinca major (Naturalised)
Araliaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Asteraceae
Basellaceae
Bignoniaceae
  • Tecomaria capensis (Naturalised)[2]
Boraginaceae
Brassicaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
  • Caesalpinia bonduc
  • Caesalpinia decapetala (Naturalised)
  • Caesalpinia major (Naturalised)
  • Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Naturalised)
  • Senna septemtrionalis (Naturalised)
Campanulaceae
  • Lobelia anceps
  • Pratia purpurascens (Naturalised)
  • Wahlenbergia gracilis
  • Wahlenbergia littoricola subsp. vernicosa[2]
  • Wahlenbergia violaceae (Status uncertain, most likely naturalised)[2]
Capparaceae
  • Capparis nobilis (Endemic)
Caprifoliaceae
Caryophyllaceae
  • Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare (Naturalised)
  • Cerastium glomeratum (Naturalised)
  • Paronychia brasiliana (Naturalised)
  • Petrorhagia velutina (Naturalised)
  • Polycarpon tetraphyllum (Naturalised)
  • Sagina apetala (Naturalised)
  • Silene gallica (Naturalised)
  • Stellaria media (Naturalised)
Casuarinaceae
  • Casuarina glauca
Celastraceae
  • Elaeodendron curtipendulum
Calystegia soldanella (Beach Morning Glory)
Calystegia soldanella (Beach Morning Glory)
Convolvulaceae
Corynocarpaceae
Crassulaceae
  • Bryophyllum delagoaense (Naturalised)[2]
  • Bryophyllum pinnatum (Naturalised)[2]
  • Crassula multicava subsp. multicava (Naturalised)[2]
Cucurbitaceae
  • Cucumis anguria (Naturalised)
  • Diplocyclos palmatus subsp. affinis
  • Sicyos australis
  • Zehneria baueriana
Euphorbiaceae
  • Acalypha wilkesiana (Naturalised)
  • Baloghia inophylla
  • Breynia disticha (Naturalised)[2]
  • Euphorbia cyathophora (Naturalised)[2]
  • Euphorbia norfolkiana (Endemic)
  • Euphorbia obliqua
  • Euphorbia peplus (Naturalised)
  • Euphorbia prostrata (Naturalised)
  • Excoecaria agallocha
  • Homalanthus populifolius (Naturalised)[11]
  • Phyllanthus tenellus (Naturalised)
  • Ricinus communis (Naturalised)
Fabaceae
  • Canacalia rosea
  • Castanospermum australe (Naturalised)
  • Chamaecytisus palmensis (Naturalised)[2]
  • Crotalaria agatiflora (Naturalised)
  • Desmodium incanum (Naturalised)
  • Desmodium tortuosum (Naturalised)
  • Dipogon lignosus (Naturalised)[2]
  • Erythrina caffra (Naturalised)
  • Erythrina speciosa (Naturalised)
  • Glycone microphylla (Naturalised)
  • Indigofera suffruticosa (Naturalised)
  • Lablab purpureus (Naturalised)
  • Lotus angustissimus (Naturalised)
  • Lupinus cosentinii (Naturalised)
  • Medicago lupulina (Naturalised)
  • Medicago polymorpha (Naturalised)
  • Melilotus indicus (Naturalised)
  • Millettia australis
  • Neotonia wightii (Naturalised)[2]
  • Pueraria lobata (Naturalised)
  • Streblorrhiza speciosa (Endemic)[12]
  • Teline monspessulana (Naturalised)
  • Trifolium campestre (Naturalised)
  • Trifolium dubium (Naturalised)
  • Trifolium glomeratum (Naturalised)
  • Trifolium suffocatum (Naturalised)[2]
  • Vicia hirsuta (Naturalised)
  • Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (Naturalised)
  • Vicia tetrasperma (Naturalised)
  • Vigna marina
Frankeniaceae
  • Frankenia pulverulenta (Naturalised)
Fumariaceae
  • Fumaria muralis (Naturalised)
Gentianaceae
  • Centaurium tenuiflorum (Naturalised)
Geraniaceae
  • Erodium moschatum (Naturalised)
  • Geranium dissectum (Naturalised)
  • Geranium gardneri (Naturalised)[13]
  • Pelargonium australe (Naturalised)
  • Pelargonium panduriforme (Naturalised)[2]
Lamiaceae
Lauraceae
Linaceae
  • Linum marginale (Naturalised)
  • Linum trigynum (Naturalised)
Loranthaceae
  • Ileostylus micranthus
Lythraceae
  • Lythrum hyssopifolia (Naturalised)
Hibiscus tiliaceus (Beach Hibiscus)
Hibiscus tiliaceus (Beach Hibiscus)
Malvaceae
  • Abutilon grandifolium (Naturalised)
  • Abutilon julianae (Endemic)
  • Hibiscus diversifolius
  • Hibiscus insularis (Endemic)
  • Hibiscus pedunculatus (Naturalised)
  • Hibiscus tiliaceus
  • Lagunaria patersonia subsp. patersonia
  • Malva parviflora (Naturalised)
  • Malvastrum coromandelianum (Naturalised)
  • Modiola caroliniana (Naturalised)
  • Pavonia hastata (Naturalised)
  • Sida carpinifolia (Naturalised)
  • Sida rhombifolia (Naturalised)
Meliaceae
  • Dysoxylum bijugum
  • Meia azedarach (Naturalised)
Mimosaceae
Moraceae
Myoporaceae
  • Myoporum obscurum (Endemic)
Myrsinaceae
  • Rapanea ralstoniae (Endemic)
Myrtaceae
Nyctaginaceae
Ochnaceae
  • Ochna serrulata (Naturalised)
Oleaceae
Onagraceae
  • Oenothera affinis (Naturalised)
  • Oenothera rosea (Naturalised)
  • Oenothera stricta (Naturalised)
  • Oenothera tetraptera (Naturalised)
Orobanchaceae
  • Orobanche minor (Naturalised)
Oxalidaceae
Papaveraceae
Passifloraceae
Pennantiaceae[16]
  • Pennantia endlicheri (Endemic)[17]
Phytolaccaceae
  • Phytolacca octandra (Naturalised)
  • Rivina humilis (Naturalised)
Piperaceae
  • Macropiper excelsum subsp. psittacorum
  • Peperomia tetraphylla
  • Peperomia urvilleana
Pittosporaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plumbaginaceae
  • Plumbago auriculata (Naturalised)[2]
  • Plumbago zeylanica
Polygalaceae
  • Polygala myrtifolia (Naturalised)
Polygonaceae
Portulacaceae
Primulaceae
Proteaceae
Ranunculaceae
  • Clematis dubia (Endemic)
  • Ranunculus muricatus (Naturalised)
  • Ranunculus parviflora (Naturalised)
  • Ranunculus repens (Naturalised)
  • Ranunculus sessiliflorus (Naturalised)
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
  • Citrus jambhiri (Naturalised)
  • Melicope littoralis (Endemic)
  • Sarcomelicope simplicifolia subsp. simplicifolia
  • Zanthoxylum pinnatum
Santalaceae
  • Exocarpus phyllanthoides var. phyllanthoides
Sapindaceae
  • Dodonaea viscosa subsp. viscosa
Sapotaceae
  • Pouteria costata
Scrophulariaceae
Solanaceae
Sterculiaceae
  • Ungeria floribunda (Endemic)[12]
Thymelaeaceae
  • Wikstroemia australis
Tiliaceae
  • Triumfetta rhomboidea
Ulmaceae
  • Celtis paniculata
Urticaceae
  • Boehmeria australis subsp. australis[18] (Endemic)
  • Boehmeria nivea (Naturalised)
  • Elatostema montanum (Endemic)
  • Parietaria debilis
  • Pilea microphylla (Naturalised)
  • Urtica urens (Naturalised)
Verbenaceae
  • Duranta erecta (Naturalised)[2]
  • Lantana camara (Naturalised)
  • Verbena bonariensis (Naturalised)
  • Verbena litoralis (Naturalised)
Violaceae
  • Melicytus latifolius (Endemic)
  • Melicytus remiflorus subsp. oblongifolius (Endemic)
  • Viola betonicifolia subsp. nova-guineensis
  • Viola tricolor (Naturalised)[2]
Viscaceae
  • Korthalsella disticha (Endemic)

[edit] Monocotyledons

The Monocotyledons (monocots) are represented on Norfolk Island by 16 families, 81 genera, and 110 species. Most of them are naturalised, with naturalised grasses account for 5 families, 47 genera and 67 species. Of the 43 indigenous species, 9 are endemic.

Phormium tenax (New Zealand Flax)
Phormium tenax (New Zealand Flax)
Agavaceae
Alliaceae[20]
  • Nothoscordum borbonicum (Naturalised)
Araceae
Arecaceae
Asphodelaceae[22]
  • Aloe maculata (Naturalised)[2]
Cannaceae
Colchicaceae
  • Gloriosa superba (Naturalised)[2]
Commelinaceae
Cyperaceae
  • Bolboschoenus fluviatilis
  • Carex breviculmis
  • Carex inversa
  • Carex neesiana (Endemic)
  • Cyperus albostriatus (Naturalised)
  • Cyperus gracilis (Naturalised)
  • Cyperus involucratus (Naturalised)
  • Cyperus lucidus
  • Cyperus rotundus (Naturalised)
  • Eleocharis acuta
  • Isolepis inundata
  • Isolepis nodosa
  • Isolepis cernua var. setiformis (Endemic)[23]
  • Kyllinga brevifolia
  • Pycreus polystachyos
  • Schoenoplectus validus
Hemerocallidaceae[24]
  • Dianella intermedia (Endemic)
Iridaceae
  • Anomatheca laxa (Naturalised)
  • Ferraria crispa (Naturalised)
  • Gladiolus × hortulanus (Naturalised)
  • Homeria flaccida (Naturalised)
  • Sisyrinchium micranthum (Naturalised)
  • Tritonia crocata (Naturalised)[2]
  • Tritonia lineata (Naturalised)
Juncaceae
  • Juncus articulatus (Naturalised)
  • Juncus australis (Naturalised)[2]
  • Juncus bufonius (Naturalised)
  • Juncus continuus
  • Juncus pallidus (Naturalised)[2]
  • Juncus usitatus (Naturalised)[2]
Liliaceae
  • Alstroemeria pulchella (Naturalised)
  • Asparagus aethiopicus (Naturalised)
  • Asparagus plumosis (Naturalised)
  • Crinum asiaticum var. pedunculatum
  • Lilium formosanum (Naturalised)[2]
Limnocharitaceae
  • Hydrocleys nymphoides
Orchidaceae
  • Bulbophyllum argyropus
  • Dendrobium brachypus (Endemic)
  • Dendrobium macropus subsp. macropus (Endemic)
  • Microtis unifolia
  • Oberonia titania
  • Phreatia limenophylax (Endemic)
  • Phreatia paleata
  • Taeniophyllum muelleri
  • Thelymitra longifolia (Probably indigenous)[2]
  • Tropidia viridifusca
Pandanaceae
  • Freycinetia baueriana (Endemic)[25]
Poaceae
  • Agrostis avenacea
  • Aira cupaniana (Naturalised)
  • Ammophila arenaria (Naturalised)
  • Anthoxanthum odoratum (Naturalised)
  • Arundo donax (Naturalised)
  • Avena fatua (Naturalised)[2]
  • Avena sativa (Naturalised)
  • Axonopus fissifolius (Naturalised)
  • Bothriochloa macra (Naturalised)
  • Briza maxima (Naturalised)
  • Briza minor (Naturalised)
  • Bromus arenarius (Naturalised)[2]
  • Bromus diandrus (Naturalised)
  • Bromus hordeaceus (Naturalised)
  • Bromus scoparius (Naturalised)
  • Bromus willdenowii (Naturalised)[26]
  • Catapodium rigidum (Naturalised)
  • Cenchrus caliculatus (Possibly extinct)
  • Chloris gayana (Naturalised)
  • Cortaderia selloana (Naturalised)[2]
  • Cymbopogon refractus
  • Cynodon dactylon (Naturalised)
  • Dactylis glomerata (Naturalised)
  • Dichelachne crinita
  • Dichelachne micrantha
  • Digitaria ciliaris (Naturalised)
  • Digitaria setigera
  • Echinochloa crusgalli (Naturalised)
  • Echinopogon ovatus
  • Ehrharta erecta (Naturalised)[2]
  • Eleusine indica (Naturalised)
  • Elymus multiflorus subsp. kingianus[27]
  • Elymus scaber[28]
  • Eragrostis brownii (Naturalised)
  • Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum (Naturalised)
  • Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum (Naturalised)
  • Lepturus repens (Possibly indigenous)[2]
  • Lolium perenne (Naturalised)
  • Lolium rigidum var. rigidum (Naturalised)
  • Lolium rigidum var. rottboellioides (Naturalised)
  • Melinis minutiflora (Naturalised)
  • Microlaena stipoides
  • Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. hirtellus[29]
  • Oplismenus hirtellus subsp. imbecillus[29]
  • Panicum effusum
  • Panicum maximum (Naturalised)
  • Paspalum dilatatum (Naturalised)
  • Paspalum orbiculare[30]
  • Paspalum scrobiculatum
  • Pennisetum clandestinum (Naturalised)
  • Pennisetum purpureum (Naturalised)
  • Phalaris minor (Naturalised)
  • Poa annua (Naturalised)
  • Poa pratensis (Naturalised)
  • Rhynchelytrum repens (Naturalised)
  • Rostraria cristata (Naturalised)
  • Setaria palmifolia (Naturalised)
  • Setaria pumila subsp. pallidefusca (Naturalised)
  • Setaria verticillata (Naturalised)
  • Sorghum arundinaceum (Naturalised)
  • Spinifex sericeus (Naturalised)
  • Sporobolus africanus (Naturalised)
  • Sporobolus virginicus
  • Stenotaphrum secundatum (Naturalised)
  • Trisetum arduanum (Naturalised)[2]
  • Vulpia bromoides (Naturalised)
  • Vulpia myuros f. megalura (Naturalised)
Pontederiaceae
Smilacaceae
  • Geitonoplesium cymosum
Typhaceae
  • Typha orientalis

[edit] Pinophyta

Two species of Pinophyta (conifers) occur on Norfolk Island: the popular endemic Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island Pine), and the naturalised Cupressus lusitanica.

Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island Pine)
Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island Pine)
Araucariaceae
Cupressus lusitanica (Mexican Cypress)
Cupressus lusitanica (Mexican Cypress)
Cupressaceae

[edit] Pteridophyta

The Pteridophyta (ferns) are represented on Norfolk Island by 14 families, 24 genera, and 37 species. Seven species are endemic; none are naturalised.

Adiantaceae
Aspleniaceae
  • Asplenium australasicum f. australasicum
  • Asplenium australasicum f. robinsonii
  • Asplenium difforme
  • Asplenium dimorphum (Endemic)
  • Asplenium polyodon
Athyriaceae
  • Diplazium assimile
  • Diplazium australe
  • Lunathyrium japonicum
Azollaceae
  • Azolla pinnata[2]
Blechnaceae
  • Blechnum norfolkianum
  • Doodia aspera
  • Doodia media
Cyatheaceae
Davalliaceae
  • Arthropteris tenella
  • Nephrolepis cordifolia
  • Nephrolepis flexuosa[31]
Dennstaedtiaceae
  • Histiopteris incisa
  • Hypolepis dicksonioides
  • Hypolepis distans (Naturalised)[2]
  • Hypolepis tenuifolia
  • Pteridium esculentum
Dryopteridaceae
  • Arachnoides aristata
  • Lastreopsis calantha (Endemic)
Gleicheniaceae
  • Dicranopteris linearis[2]
Hymenophyllaceae
  • Cephalomanes bauerianum (Endemic)
  • Credidomanes endlicherianum
  • Credidomanes saxifragioides
Marattiaceae
  • Marattis salicina
Nephrolepidaceae
  • Nephrolepis cordifolia (Naturalised)[2]
Polypodiaceae
  • Phymatosorus pustulatus subsp. pustulatus
  • Platycerium bifurcatum(Naturalised)[2]
  • Pyrrosia confluens
Pteridaceae
  • Pteris kingiana (Endemic)
  • Pteris tremula
  • Pteris zahlbruckneriana (Endemic)
  • Pteris vittata (Naturalised)[2]
Salvinia molesta (Giant Salvinia)
Salvinia molesta (Giant Salvinia)
Salviniaceae
Thelypteridaceae
  • Christella dentata
  • Christella parasitica
  • Macrothelytperis torresiana
Vittariaceae
  • Vittaria elongata

[edit] Lycopodiophyta

Norfolk Island has two species of Lycopodiophyta,[32] the indigenous club moss Lycopodiella cernua and the naturalised spikemoss Selaginella kraussiana.

Lycopodiaceae
  • Lycopodiella cernua
Selaginellaceae
  • Selaginella kraussiana (Naturalised)

[edit] Psilotophyta

Norfolk Island has two species of Psilotophyta.[33]

Psilotaceae
  • Psilotum nudum
  • Tmesipteris norfolkensis (Endemic)

[edit] Ophioglossophyta

Norfolk Island has one species of Ophioglossophyta.[34]

Ophioglossaceae
  • Ophioglossum petiolatum


[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Flora of Australia uses Cronquist's Dicotyledonae, but this is no longer considered a "good" group; here we use the eudicot group.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp These taxa did not appear in Flora of Australia, but were reported as new records for Norfolk Island in de Lange et al (2005).
  3. ^ Flora of Australia listed a number of species under family Chenopodiaceae; these are here listed under Amaranthaceae in accordance with the APG II system.
  4. ^ Achyranthes margaretarum is a new species that was split off from A. arborescens in 2001.
  5. ^ The record of Atriplex cinerea on Norfolk Island was excluded in Flora of Australia, but has since been admitted.
  6. ^ a b At least one putative collection of Euchiton involucratus from Norfolk Island has now been identified as Euchiton sphaericus. Whether E. involucratus also occurs on Norfolk Island is now uncertain.
  7. ^ A localised population of Erechtites hieraciifolia was naturalised on Norfolk Island in 1987, but the species has not been seen there since 1989.
  8. ^ Picris burbidgeae was listed in Flora of Australia as P. hieracoides.
  9. ^ Flora of Australia listed Senecio australis as endemic to Norfolk Island, but indigenous populations have since been found in New Zealand.
  10. ^ Ipomoea cairica is listed in Flora of Australia as naturalised, but de Lange et al (2005) suggest that it may be indigenous.
  11. ^ Flora of Australia treated Homalanthus populifolius as indigenous, but in 1904 Joseph Maiden stated that it had been introduced in a consignment of plants from Lord Howe Island.
  12. ^ a b Streblorrhiza and Ungeria are endemic genera.
  13. ^ Flora of Australia lists Geranium gardneri as naturalised in Norfolk Island, but the variant of G. gardneri that occurs on Norfolk Island has since been published as G. gardneri in de Lange et al (2005)
  14. ^ Cryptocarya triplenervis was excluded from Flora of Australia as a probable erroneous collection, but has since been collected a number of times, and was admitted by de Lange et al (2005).
  15. ^ a b c d Flora of Australia treated all of the Oxalis species on Norfolk Island as Oxalis corniculata. This complex is now usually treated as five distinct species, of which four occur on Norfolk Island.
  16. ^ Flora of Australia treated Pennantia endlicheri under the Icacinaceae; the monotypic family Pennantiaceae has since been revived.
  17. ^ Pennantia endlicheri was not listed as endemic in Flora of Australia, as the Three Kings Island populations of Pennantia were then considered members of that species. These are now treated as P. baylisiana, and P. endlicheri is considered endemic to Norfolk Island.
  18. ^ Boehmeria australis subsp. australis was listed as Boehmeria australis var. australis in Flora of Australia. It was automatically promoted to subspecies rank when de Lange et al (2005) promoted the Kermadec Islands taxon Boehmeria australia var. dealbata to subspecies rank.
  19. ^ Flora of Australia listed Cordyline obtecta as endemic, but the Three Kings Island endemic C. kaspar has since been reduced to synonymy with C. obtecta.
  20. ^ Nothoscordum borbonicum was treated under the Liliaceae in Flora of Australia; it is here treated as an Alliaceae in accordance with the APG II system.
  21. ^ Flora of Australia listed Rhopalostylis baueri var. baueri as an endemic variety, but the varieties were demoted to synonymy with R. baueri in de Lange et al (2005). The species is not endemic.
  22. ^ de Lange et al (2005) treats Aloe maculata under family Hemerocallidaceae, apparently in error.
  23. ^ Isolepis cernua var. setiformis appeared in Flora of Australia as "?Isolepis sp."
  24. ^ Flora of Australia treated Dianella intermedia under the Liliaceae family; it is now treated under the Hemerocallidaceae or Xanthorrhoeaceae family.
  25. ^ Freycinetia baueriana was treated as F. b. subsp. baueriana in Flora of Australia; it is now given species rank.
  26. ^ Flora of Australia listed Bromus catharticus, but these specimens have now been referred to B. willdenowii.
  27. ^ Elymus multiflorus subsp. kingianus was listed at variety rank in Flora of Australia; it was promoted in de Lange et al (2005).
  28. ^ Flora of Australia listed Elymus rectisetus, but the Norfolk Island specimens have since been referred to E. scaber.
  29. ^ a b Flora of Australia listed the Oplismenus hirtellus; de Lange et al (2005) refined this to subspecies level as O. h. subsp. hirtellus and O. h. subsp. imbecillus
  30. ^ Flora of Australia excluded Paspalum orbiculare because the author was unaware of any recent collections. At least one collection has been made since.
  31. ^ Flora of Australia does not include Nephrolepis flexuosa, as this name was then considered synonymous with Nephrolepis cordifolia. It was re-instated as a current species name by de Lange et al in 2005.
  32. ^ Flora of Australia places Lycopodiaceae and Selaginellaceae in Pteridophyta; in modern taxonomy these are placed in Lycopodiophyta.
  33. ^ Flora of Australia places Psilotaceae in Pteridophyta; in modern taxonomy this is placed in Psilotophyta.
  34. ^ Flora of Australia places Ophioglossaceae in Pteridophyta; in modern taxonomy this is placed in Ophioglossophyta.

[edit] References

  • Green, P.S. (1994). "Norfolk Island & Lord Howe Island", Flora of Australia, Volume 49: Oceanic Islands 1. Canberra: Australian Government Printing Service, 1–26. ISBN 0-644-29385-3. 
  • de Lange, P. J., et.al. (2005). "Vascular flora of Norfolk Island: some additions and taxonomic notes". New Zealand Journal of Botany 43: 563–596. 
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