List of regicides of Charles I

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Regicides of Charles I are considered to be the fifty-nine Commissioners (Judges) who formed the tribunal that tried King Charles I of England and signed his death warrant, along with other officials who participated in his trial or execution, and Hugh Peters an influential republican preacher.

The tribunal was composed of three hereditary peers, four aldermen of the City of London, twenty-two baronets and knights, three generals, thirty-four colonels, the twelve judges of the High Court (who all declined to serve), three sergeants-at-law and representative members of various principalities and the House of Commons.[1]

At the English Restoration in 1660, six Commissioners and four others were found guilty of regicide and executed; one was hanged and nine were hanged, drawn and quartered. In 1662 three more regicides were hanged, drawn and quartered. Some others were pardoned, while a further nineteen served life imprisonment and three already dead at the time of the restoration had their bodies desecrated.[2]

Contents

[edit] Commissioners

In the order in which they signed the death warrant, the Commissioners were:

  Name At the Restoration in 1660 Notes
1. John Bradshaw, President of the Court Dead Posthumous execution; disinterred and hanged, drawn, and quartered
2. Lord Grey of Groby Dead Died in 1657.
3. Oliver Cromwell Dead Posthumous execution; disinterred and hanged, drawn, and quartered
4. Edward Whalley Alive Fled to North America to avoid trial.
5. Sir Michael Livesey Alive Fled to the Netherlands.
6. John Okey Alive Fled to Germany, but was arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing. He was tried found guilty and hanged, drawn and quartered in 1662.
7. Sir John Danvers Dead Died in 1655.
8. Sir John Bourchier Alive Too ill to be tried and died soon after the Restoration anyway.
9. Henry Ireton Dead Posthumous execution; disinterred and hanged, drawn, and quartered
10. Sir Thomas Mauleverer Dead Died 1655.
11. Sir Hardress Waller Alive Fled to France; later returned and was found guilty. Sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Died 1666 in prison on Jersey.
12. John Blakiston Dead Died 1649.
13. John Hutchinson Alive Imprisoned in Sandown Castle, Kent where he died on September 11, 1664
14. William Goffe Alive Fled to America.
15. Thomas Pride Dead Posthumous execution ordered but not carried out.
16. Peter Temple Alive Brought to trial, sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He died in the Tower of London in 1663.
17. Thomas Harrison Alive First to be found guilty. Was hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Saturday the 13 October 1660. He was a leader of the Fifth Monarchists who still posed a threat to the restoration.
18. John Hewson Alive Fled to Amsterdam.
19. Henry Smith Alive Brought to trial, sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He was held in the Tower of London until 1664 and was transported to Mont Orgueil castle in Jersey.
20. Sir Peregrine Pelham Dead Died in 1650.
21. Richard Deane Dead Disinterred.
22. Robert Tichborne Alive Brought to trial, sentenced to death but was reprieved. He spent the rest of life imprisoned in the Tower of London
23. Humphrey Edwards Dead Died in 1658.
24. Daniel Blagrave Alive Fled to Aachen, in what is now Germany.
25. Owen Rowe Alive Brought to trial, sentenced to life imprisonment in the Tower of London where he died in December 1661.
26. William Purefoy Dead Died in 1659.
27. Adrian Scroope Alive Tried, found guilty: hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660.
28. James Temple Alive Brought to trial, sentenced to life imprisonment on Jersey.
29. Augustine Garland Alive Brought to trial, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.
30. Edmund Ludlow Alive Surrendered to the Speaker of the House of Commons, and then escaped to the Canton of Bern.
31. Henry Marten Alive Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment in Chepstow Castle.
32. Vincent Potter Alive Brought to trial, he received the death sentence but died before its execution.
33. Sir William Constable Dead Died in 1655 — however his body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and reburied in a communal burial pit after the Restoration.
34. Richard Ingoldsby Alive Pardoned.
35. William Cawley Alive Escaped to Switzerland.
36. John Barkstead Alive Arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing, extradited and executed in 1662
37. Isaac Ewer Dead Died in 1650 or 1651.
38. John Dixwell Alive Believed dead in England; fled to America.
39. Valentine Walton Alive Escaped to Germany after being condemned as a Regicide.
40. Simon Mayne Alive Tried and sentenced to death, he died in the Tower of London in 1661 before his appeal could be heard.
41. Thomas Horton Dead Family estates confiscated.
42. John Jones Maesygarnedd Alive Tried, found guilty: hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660.
43. John Moore Dead In 1649, fought in Ireland against the Marquess of Ormonde and became Governor of Dublin, dying of a fever there in 1650.
44. Gilbert Millington Alive After Charles's death, remained member of Rump Parliament until Cromwell dissolved it. After the Restoration was himself arraigned and confessed to being "guilty in every way." Tried and sentenced to death, but sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Spent final years in Jersey and died in 1666.
45. George Fleetwood Alive Brought to trial and sentenced to imprisonment in the Tower of London. He may have been transported to Tangier.
46. John Alured Dead Died in 1651.
47. Robert Lilburne Alive Tried 16 October 1660, sentenced to death. Later this was commuted to life imprisonment. Died in prison in August, 1665.
48. William Say Alive Escaped to Switzerland.
49. Anthony Stapley Dead Died in 1655.
50. Sir Gregory Norton Dead Died 1652
51. Thomas Challoner (or Chaloner) Alive Excluded from pardon and escaped to the Continent. In 1661, he died at Middelburg in the Netherlands.
52. Thomas Wogan Alive Held at York Castle until 1664 when he escaped to the Netherlands
53. John Venn Dead Died in 1650.
54. Gregory Clement Alive Went into hiding, captured, tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on 17 October 1660.
55. John Downes Alive Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment.
56. Thomas Waite Alive Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment.
57. Thomas Scot Alive Fled to Brussels, returned to England, was tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660. Died unrepentant.
58. John Carew Alive Joined Fifth Monarchists. Tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Monday 15 October 1660.
59. Miles Corbet Alive Fled to the Netherlands; arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing; extradited; tried; found guilty; and was hanged, drawn and quartered on April 19, 1662.

[edit] Commissioners who did not sign

Name At the Restoration in 1660 Notes
James Challoner (or Chaloner) Alive Brother of Thomas Challoner
John Cruso Alive Sentenced to death but died soon after in confinement in Pendennis Castle, Cornwall. – Also author of Military Instructions for the Cavallrie [3]
John Dove Alive
John Fry Alive
Thomas Hammond Dead Attended 14 sessions[4]
Sir James Harrington, 3rd Baronet Alive Escaped and died in exile on the European mainland in 1680. Due to an oversight in the Indemnity and Oblivion Act although he lost his title, the baronet passed to the next in line on his death.
William Heveningham Alive Found guilty of treason but successfully petitioned for mercy and was thereafter imprisoned in Windsor Castle until his death in 1678
Fra. Lassells Alive
John Lisle Alive Escaped to Lausanne in Switzerland but was shot by Irish Royalist Thomas Macdonnel in August 1664.
Thomas Lister Alive
Nicholas Love Alive Escaped to Hamburg.
Sir Henry Mildmay Alive Tried, stripped of his Knighthood and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died before he was due to be transported to Tangier in 1664.
The Viscount Mounson Alive Tried, stripped of his property and imprisoned for life in the Fleet prison where he died in 1673.
Isaac Penington Alive Sentenced to life imprisonment and died in the Tower of London in 1661
Sir Gilbert Pickering Alive
Robert Wallop Alive Sentenced to life imprisonment and died in the Tower of London in 1667

[edit] Associates

Name Office At the Restoration in 1660 Notes
Daniel Axtell Officer of the Guard Alive Tried, found guilty of participating in the regicide; hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn on Thursday 19 October 1660.
Andrew Broughton Clerk of the Court Alive Escaped to Switzerland in 1663. [5]
John Cook Solicitor-General Alive Tried, found guilty of regicide; hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Tuesday 16 October 1660.
Edward Dendy Serjeant-at-Arms Alive Escaped to Switzerland in 1663 [5]
Dr Isaac Dorislaus Assistant to the Solicitor-General Dead A distinguished scholar from the Netherlands, he was murdered in the Hague in 1649 by royalist refugees.
Francis Hacker Officer of the Guard Alive Tried, found guilty of signing the execution order; hanged at Tyburn on Thursday 19 October 1660. [6]
William Hewlett Captain in the Guard Alive Found guilty of regicide at the same trial as Daniel Axtel, but not executed with him.
Cornelius Holland Alive Escaped to Lausanne, Switzerland at Restoration.
Hercules Huncks Officer of the Guard Alive Refused to sign the order to the executioners, which Hacker did instead. He testified against Axtel and Hacker, and was Pardoned.
Robert Phayre Officer of the Guard Alive Refused to sign the order to the executioners. Not tried and released in 1662
Hugh Peters Preacher Alive Tried, found guilty of inciting regicide; hanged, drawn, and quartered at Charing Cross on Tuesday 16 October 1660.
John Phelps Clerk of the Court Alive
Matthew Thomlinson Officer of the Guard Alive Pardoned for showing courtesy to the King and for testifying against Axtel and Hacker

[edit] Others

  • Edmond Harvey Held in the Tower of London after being attainted for High Treason[7][8]
  • Marquess of Argyll Found not guilty of regicide, but guilty of collaboration with Cromwell's government and beheaded 27 May 1661.
  • John Lambert was not in London for the trial of Charles I. At the restoration he was found guilty of high treason and remained in custody in Guernsey for the rest of his life.
  • Sir Henry Vane the Younger He served on the Council of State during the Interregnum even though he refused to take the oath which expressed approbation (approval) of the king's execution. At the restoration after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662 he was tried for high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower Hill on 14 June 1662

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ The Trial of King Charles I - Defining moment for our constitutional liberties: FOOTNOTE_14: J de Morgan, "The Most Notable Trial in Modern History" in H W Fuller (ed) The Green Bag, vol xi, 1899, Boston, 307 at 308.
  2. ^ The tral of King Charles I – defining moment for our constitutional liberties by The Hon Justice Michael Kirby AC CMG, to the Anglo-Australasian Lawyers' association, on January 22 1999.
  3. ^ Military Instructions for the Cavallrie:CRUSO, (John)
  4. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  5. ^ a b James Alexander Manning (1851). The Lives of the Speakers of the House of Commons, from the Time of King Edward III to Queen Victoria. 
  6. ^ Extacts from the transcript of the October 1660 trail and execution of 10 regicides At the end of the article there is a description of the executions. They were all hanged drawn and quartered apart from Francis Hacker who was hanged.
  7. ^ House of Lords Journal Volume 11 7 February 1662 Attainted Persons brought to the Bar
  8. ^ House of Commons Journal Volume 8: Executing Regicides 27 January 1662
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