List of largest empires
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of the largest empires in world history.
Contents |
[edit] Definition
An empire is a state that extends dominion over areas and populations distinct culturally and ethnically from the culture/ethnicity at the center of power.
[edit] Difficulties in measuring and comparing empires
Empires are all individual in character, having been formed in widely different times under widely different political structures. In fact, the term Empire as stated above does not imply any particular form of government. Whether or not a nation is or was called an empire is also not relevant to whether it is considered an empire for the purposes of this article.
The calculation of the land area of a particular empire is controversial. In particular, there is the question of whether a particular empire can be considered to have laid claim to an area that is sparsely populated, or not populated at all. In general, this list errs on the side of including any land area that was explored and explicitly claimed, even if the areas were very sparsely populated or unpopulated. For example, a large portion of Northern Siberia is not included in the size of the Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire's northern border was somewhat ill-defined, but in most places it was simply the natural border between the steppe and the taiga. Occupied areas north of this are included in the area of the empire, but at the time the majority of the taiga and tundra were unexplored and uninhabited. This area was only very sparsely populated by the Russian Empire, but it had been explicitly claimed by the Russian Empire by the 1600s, and its extent had been entirely explored by the late 1800s. Similarly, the northernmost Canadian islands such as Ellesmere Island were explored and claimed by the British Empire by the mid 1800s (virtually the entire mainland was at least sparsely populated well before that). No claims on mainland Antarctica are included in the area of any of the empires.
Due to the historical trend of increasing population and GDP, the list of largest empires in these categories is highly dependent on which relatively recent political entities are defined as empires. For instance, if modern China were considered an empire, then it would be considered the largest empire in world history by both the measure of population size and GDP size if compared to the empires on the list. The measures of population and GDP as a percentage of the world total take into account this historical growth, although accurate worldwide GDP data is only available for the last few centuries.
[edit] Largest empires by landmass
[edit] All empires
- British Empire - 36.6 million km²[1] (under King George V in 1921) (excludes Antarctic territorial claims)
- Mongol Empire - 33.2 million km²[1] (under Khublai Khan in 1279) (excludes Northern Siberia)
- Russian Empire - 22.8 million km²[2][3]) (under Nicholas II in 1895)
- Spanish Empire - 19 million km²[1] (under King Charles III)
- Arab Empire - 13.2 million km²[1] (under the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I)
- French Empire - 12.9 million km²[1]
- Qing Empire - 12 million km²[4] (under Emperor Qianlong)
- Portuguese Empire - 10.4 million km²[1]
- American Empire - 10 million km² [5] (1898-1902 and 1906-1908)
- Achaemenid Persian Empire - 7.5 million km²[6] (under Darius the Great)
- Japanese Empire - 7.4 million km²[1] (during World War II)
- Ming Empire - 6.5 million km²[2]
- Han Empire - 6 million km²[2]
- Ottoman Empire - 5.6 million km²[1]
- Roman Empire - 5.6 million km²[1] (under Emperor Trajan)
- Tang Empire - 5.4 million km²[2] (under Emperor Xuanzong of Tang)
- Macedonian Empire - 5.4 million km²[1] (under Alexander the Great)
- Maurya Empire - 5 million km²[2] (under Ashoka the Great)
- Mexican Empire - 4.7 million km²[1]
- Timurid Empire - 4.4 million km²[2]
- Mughal Empire - 4 million km²[2] (under Aurangzeb)
- Hunnic Empire - 4 million km²[2] (under Attila the Hun)
- Seljuq Empire - 3.9 million km²[2]
- Seleucid Empire - 3.9 million km²[1]
- Italian Empire - 3.8 million km² (during World War II)
- Dutch Empire - 3.7 million km²[1]
- Nazi German Empire - 3.6 million km²[1] (during World War II)
- Gupta Empire - 3.5 million km²[2] (under Chandragupta II)
- Sassanid Persian Empire - 3.5 million km²[2] (under Khosrau I)
- Ghaznavid Empire - 3.4 million km²[2]
- Pala Empire - 3.2 million km²[7] (under Devapala)
- Delhi Sultanate - 3.2 million km²[2]
- Khazar Empire - 3 million km²[2]
- Median Empire - 2.8 million km²[2]
- Byzantine Empire - 2.7 million km²[2]
- Chola Empire - 2.6 million km²[8] (under Rajendra Chola I)
- Belgian Empire - 2.5 million km²[2]
- Inca Empire - 2 million km²[2]
- Majapahit Empire - 1.5 million km²[9]
- Neo-Assyrian Empire - 1.4 million km²[2]
- Aksumite Empire - 1.3 million km²[2]
- Srivijaya Empire - 1.2 million km²[2]
- Frankish Empire - 1.2 million km²[2]
- Harsha Empire - 1 million km²[2] (under Harsha Vardhana)
- Egyptian Empire - 1 million km²[2]
- Almoravid Empire - 1 million km²[2]
- Khmer Empire - 1 million km²[2]
- Akkadian Empire - 650,000 km²[10]
- Nanda Empire - 600,000 km²[11]
- Austro-Hungarian Empire - 600,000 km²[12]
- Neo-Babylonian Empire - 500,000 km²[10]
- Vijayanagara Empire - 360,000 km²[13]
[edit] Contiguous empires
- Mongol Empire - 33.2 million km² (under Khublai Khan in 1279)
- Russian Empire - 22.8 million km² (under Alexander II in 1867)
- Arab Empire - 13.2 million km² (under the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I)
- French Empire - 12,9 million km²[1]
- Qing Empire - 12 million km² (under Emperor Qianlong)
- Achaemenid Persian Empire - 7.5 million km² (under Darius the Great)
- Ming Empire - 6.5 million km²
- Han Empire - 6 million km²
- Ottoman Empire - 5.6 million km²
- Roman Empire - 5.6 million km² (under Emperor Trajan)
- Tang Empire - 5.4 million km²
- Macedonian Empire - 5.4 million km² (under Alexander the Great)
- Maurya Empire - 5 million km² (under Ashoka the Great)
- Mughal Empire - 4 million km² (under Aurangzeb)
- Hunnic Empire - 4 million km² (under Attila the Hun)
- Seljuq Empire - 3.9 million km²
- Seleucid Empire - 3.9 million km²
- Nazi German Empire - 3.6 million km² (during World War II)
- Gupta Empire - 3.5 million km² (under Chandragupta II)
- Sassanid Persian Empire - 3.5 million km² (under Khosrau I)
- Ghaznavid Empire - 3.4 million km²
- Pala Empire - 3.2 million km² (under Devapala)
- Delhi Sultanate - 3.2 million km²
- Khazar Empire - 3 million km²
- Median Empire - 2.8 million km²
- Byzantine Empire - 2.7 million km²
- Inca Empire - 2 million km²
- Neo-Assyrian Empire - 1.4 million km²
- Aksumite Empire - 1.3 million km²
- Frankish Empire - 1.2 million km²
- Harsha Empire - 1 million km² (under Harsha Vardhana)
- Egyptian Empire - 1 million km²
- Almoravid Empire - 1 million km²
- Khmer Empire - 1 million km²
- Akkadian Empire - 650,000 km²
- Nanda Empire - 600,000 km²
- Austro-Hungarian Empire - 600,000 km²
- Neo-Babylonian Empire - 500,000 km²
- Vijayanagara Empire - 360,000 km²
[edit] Overseas empires
- British Empire - 36.6 million km² (under King George V in 1921)
- Spanish Empire - 19 million km² (under King Phillip II)
- French Empire - 12,9 million km²
- Portuguese Empire - 10.4 million km²
- American Empire - 10 million km² (1898-1902 and 1906-1908)
- Japanese Empire - 7.4 million km² (during World War II)
- Italian Empire - 3.8 million km² (during World War II)
- Dutch Empire - 3.7 million km²
- Chola Empire - 2.6 million km² (under Rajendra Chola I)
- Belgian Empire - 2.5 million km²
- Majapahit Empire - 1.5 million km²
- Srivijaya Empire - 1.2 million km²
[edit] Ancient empires
- Achaemenid Persian Empire - 7.5 million km² (under Darius the Great)
- Han Empire - 6 million km²
- Roman Empire - 5.6 million km² (under Emperor Trajan)
- Macedonian Empire - 5.4 million km² (under Alexander the Great)
- Maurya Empire - 5 million km² (under Ashoka the Great)
- Hunnic Empire - 4 million km² (under Attila the Hun)
- Seleucid Empire - 3.9 million km²
- Gupta Empire - 3.5 million km² (under Chandragupta II)
- Sassanid Persian Empire - 3.5 million km² (under Khosrau I)
- Median Empire - 2.8 million km²
- Neo-Assyrian Empire - 1.4 million km²
- Aksumite Empire - 1.3 million km²
- Egyptian Empire - 1 million km²
- Akkadian Empire - 650,000 km²
- Nanda Empire - 600,000 km²
- Neo-Babylonian Empire - 500,000 km²
[edit] Medieval empires
- Mongol Empire - 33.2 million km² (under Khublai Khan in 1279)
- Arab Empire - 13.2 million km² (under the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I)
- Ming Empire - 6.5 million km²
- Ottoman Empire - 5.6 million km²
- Tang Empire - 5.4 million km²
- Mughal Empire - 4 million km² (under Aurangzeb)
- Seljuq Empire - 3.9 million km²
- Sassanid Persian Empire - 3.5 million km² (under Khosrau I)
- Ghaznavid Empire - 3.4 million km²
- Pala Empire - 3.2 million km² (under Devapala)
- Delhi Sultanate - 3.2 million km²
- Khazar Empire - 3 million km²
- Byzantine Empire - 2.7 million km²
- Chola Empire - 2.6 million km² (under Rajendra Chola I in 1030)
- Inca Empire - 2 million km²
- Majapahit Empire - 1.5 million km²
- Aksumite/Ethiopian Empire - 1.3 million km²
- Srivijaya Empire - 1.2 million km²
- Frankish Empire - 1.2 million km²
- Mali Empire - 1.1 million km²
- Harsha Empire - 1 million km² (under Harsha Vardhana)
- Almoravid Empire - 1 million km²
- Khmer Empire - 1 million km²
- Vijayanagara Empire - 360,000 km²
[edit] Modern empires
- British Empire - 36.6 million km² (under King George V in 1921)
- Russian Empire - 22.8 million km² (under Alexander II in 1867)
- Spanish Empire - 19 million km² (under Charles III)
- Qing Empire - 12 million km² (under Emperor Qianlong)
- French Empire - 12,9 million km²
- Portuguese Empire - 10.4 million km²
- American Empire - 10 million km² (1898-1902 and 1906-1908)
- Japanese Empire - 7.4 million km² (during World War II)
- Ottoman Empire - 5.6 million km²
- Mughal Empire - 4 million km²
- Italian Empire - 3.8 million km² (during World War II)
- Dutch Empire - 3.7 million km²
- Nazi German Empire - 3.6 million km² (during World War II)
- Belgian Empire - 2.5 million km²
- Austro-Hungarian Empire - 600,000 km²
Legend
Current territory · Former territory
* now a Commonwealth Realm · now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations
|
18th century |
19th century |
20th century |
|
16th century |
19th century |
20th century |
|
17th century |
19th century |
20th century |
|
1 Now the San Andrés y Providencia Department of Colombia. |
||
|
18th century |
19th century |
20th century |
|
18th century |
19th century |
20th century |
|
18th century |
19th century |
20th century |
|
3 Now part of the *Realm of New Zealand. |
||
|
17th century |
19th century |
20th century |
|
7 Dependencies of St. Helena since 1922 (Ascension Island) and 1938 (Tristan da Cunha). |
||
|
Wituland · German East Africa (Tanganyika • Rwanda • Burundi) · German South-West Africa (Namibia) · German West Africa (Kamerun • Togoland) |
|||
|
German Samoa · German New Guinea (German Solomon Islands • German Marshall Islands) · Caroline Islands · Mariana Islands · Nauru · Palau |
|||
  |
|||
|
Unrecognized |
|||
|
15th century |
16th century |
|
15th century |
16th century |
17th century |
| 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753. 2 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879. | ||
|
16th century |
|
15th century |
16th century |
17th century |
|
16th century |
17th century |
|
|
1 1975 is the date of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, the independence of East Timor was recognized by Portugal and the rest of the world. |
||
|
15th century |
16th century |
|
16th century |
17th century |
| Russian/Soviet territorial dominions |
|---|
Metropolitan power:  Russian Empire - Soviet Union  |
| Monarchies in personal union with imperial Russia: Kingdom of Congress Poland (1815-1831) | Grand Duchy of Finland (1809-1917)
Concession territories: Russian: Kwantung Leased Territory & Chinese Eastern Railway Zone in China | Soviet: Hanko & later Porkkala (Baltic Sea peninsulas in Finland) | Russian imperial protectorate: Manchuria Soviet occupation zones in partitioned countries after World war II: Germany Soviet Zone & Berlin Soviet Zone | Austria Soviet Zone - Vienna Soviet Zone) |
[edit] Largest empires by population
Population estimates are unknown for many other ancient empires not listed here.
[edit] Population size
- British Empire - 531.3 million (in 1938)[14]
- Qing Empire - 432 million (in 1912)[15]
- Mughal Empire - 175 million (in 1700)[16]
- Ming Empire - 160 million (in 1600)[15]
- Russian Empire - 176.4 million (in 1913)[12]
- American Empire - 146.4 million (in 1942)[14]
- Japanese Empire - 134.8 million (in 1938)[14]
- French Empire - 112.9 million (in 1938)[14]
- Mongol Empire - 110 million (in the 13th century)[17]
- Nazi German Empire - 75.4 million (in 1938)[14]
- Roman Empire - 65 million (in the 1st century CE)[18]
- Spanish Empire - 64.2 million[19]
- Arab Empire - 62 million (in the 7th century)[20]
- Song Empire - 59 million (in 1000)[15]
- Han Empire - 57.5 million (in 2 CE)[21]
- Italian Empire - 51.9 million (in 1938)[14]
- Austro-Hungarian Empire - 50.6 million (in 1913)[12]
- Maurya Empire - 50 million (in the 2nd century BCE)[22]
- Persian Empire - 42 million (in the 4th century BCE)[16]
- Ottoman Empire - 39 million (in the 17th century)[23]
- Belgian Empire - 35.3 million (before Congolese independence, 1960)
- Byzantine Empire - 34 million (5th-6th centuries)[24]
- Vijayanagara Empire - 25 million (in the 16th century)[13]
- Portuguese Empire - 14.7 million (in 1913)[12]
[edit] Percentage of world population
- Qing Empire - 36.6% (381 million out of 1041 million in 1820)[15]
- Maurya Empire - 33.3% (50 million out of 150 million[25] in the 2nd century BCE)
- Mughal Empire - 29.2% (175 million out of 600 million[26] in 1700)
- Ming Empire - 28.8% (160 million out of 556.2 million in 1600)[15]
- Roman Empire - 28.4% (65 million out of 226 million[15] in the 1st century CE)
- Han Empire - 26.2% (59 million out of 226 million[15] in 2 CE)
- British Empire - 25.6% (458 million[27] out of 1,791 million[15] in 1913)
- Mongol Empire - 25.6% (110 million out of 429 million[16] in the 13th century)
- Persian Empire - 20% (20 million out of 100 million in the 4th century BCE)[16]
- Song Empire - 22% (59 million out of 268 million in 1000)[15]
- Arab Empire - 12.4% (26 million out of 210 million[25] in the 7th century)
- Spanish Empire - 12.3% (68.2 million out of 556 million[15] in the 17th century)
- Russian Empire - 9.8% (176.4 million out of 1,791 million[15] in 1913)
- Ottoman Empire - 7.1% (39 million out of 556 million[15] in the 17th century)
- American Empire - 6.4% (146.4 million out of 2,295 million in 1938)
- Japanese Empire - 5.9% (134.8 million out of 2,295 million[15] in 1938)
- Vijayanagara Empire - 5.7% (25 million out of 438 million[15] in the 16th century)
- French Empire - 4.9% (112.9 million out of 2,295 million in 1938)
- Nazi German Empire - 3.3% (75.4 million out of 2,295 million in 1938)
- Austro-Hungarian Empire - 2.8% (50.6 million out of 1,791 million in 1913)
- Italian Empire - 2.3% (51.9 million out of 2,295 million in 1938)
- Portuguese Empire - 0.8% (14.7 million out of 1,791 million in 1913)
[edit] Largest empires by economy
GDP estimates in the following list are only given for empires in modern times, from the 18th to 20th centuries. All dollar amounts are in 1990 USD.
[edit] GDP size
- American Empire - $1,713.6 billion (in 1944)[28]
- British Empire - $683.3 billion (in 1938)[14]
- Nazi German Empire - $375.6 billion (in 1938)[14]
- Japanese Empire - $260.7 billion (in 1938)[14]
- Russian Empire - $257.7 billion (in 1913)[15]
- Qing Empire - $241.3 billion (in 1912)[15]
- French Empire - $234.1 billion (in 1938)[14]
- Italian Empire - $143.4 billion (in 1938)[14]
- Austro-Hungarian Empire - $100.5 billion (in 1913)[12]
- Mughal Empire - $90.8 billion (in 1700)[15]
- Ottoman Empire - $26.4 billion (in 1913)[29]
- Portuguese Empire - $12.6 billion (in 1913)[12]
[edit] Percentage of world GDP
- American Empire - 35%[30] ($1,644.8 billion[28] out of $4,699 billion[31] in 1945)
- Qing Empire - 32.9% ($228.6 billion out of $694.4 billion in 1820)[15]
- Mughal Empire - 24.5% ($90.8 billion out of $371 billion in 1700)[15]
- British Empire - 23.8% ($265 billion[32] out of $1,111 billion[15] in 1870)
- Russian Empire - 9.4% ($257.7 billion out of $2,733 billion[15] in 1913)
- Nazi German Empire - 8.3% ($375.6 billion out of $4,502 billion[15] in 1938)
- Japanese Empire - 5.8% ($260.7 billion out of $4,502 billion in 1938)
- French Empire - 5.2% ($234.1 billion out of $4,502 billion in 1938)
- Austro-Hungarian Empire - 3.7% ($100.5 billion out of $2,733 billion in 1913)
- Italian Empire - 3.2% ($143.4 billion out of $4,502 billion in 1938)
- Ottoman Empire - 1% ($26.4 billion out of $2,733 billion in 1913)
- Portuguese Empire - 0.5% ($12.6 billion out of $2,733 billion in 1913)
[edit] Notes and references
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Gordon (2005).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Adams, Hall and Turchin (2004).
- ^ Russia owned Alaska until 1867, although at that time (under Alexander II) Russia had not annexed all the Central Asian territory it would by 1895. Taking the cited statistic for 1895, adding the area (1.7 million km²) of Alaska, and subtracting the estimated .8 million km² of territory not yet conquered in Central Asia yields an estimate of 23.7 million km² in 1867.
- ^ Wudi (2005) at All Empires estimates 12 million km². Wood (2006) at the Royal Academy also estimates 12 million km². Turchin, Adams and Hall (2004) estimate 14.7 million km². Gordon (2005) estimates 11.1 million km².
- ^ This estimate for the American Empire is based on the combined area of the United States, Philippines and Cuba.
- ^ British Museum (2005). Forgotten Empire: the world of Ancient Persia.
- ^ This estimate for the Pala Empire is derived from the combined area of Bangladesh, India (excluding Rajasthan, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka), Nepal, Pakistan (excluding Sindh and Balochistan), and the Kabul Valley of Afghanistan.
- ^ This estimate for the Chola Empire is derived from the combined area of the Srivijaya Empire, South India, East India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Southern Thailand, Bago Division of Burma, Lakshadweep, the Maldives, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
- ^ This estimate for the Majapahit Empire is derived from the combined area of Borneo, Sumatra, Bali, and the Philippines.
- ^ a b Chase-Dunn, Álvarez and Pasciuti (2002, p. 8-9).
- ^ This estimate for the Nanda Empire is derived from the combined area of East India and Bangladesh, which were almost equivalent to the kingdom of Magadha.
- ^ a b c d e f Broadberry and Harrison (2005).
- ^ a b Sinopoli (2003, p. 82)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Harrison (1998, pp. 3,7).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Maddison (2006).
- ^ a b c d Biraben (2003).
- ^ The combined population of China and Korea in the 13th century was 83 million in Biraben (2003). The combined population of Eastern Europe, Russia, Central Asia, Iran, Iraq and Turkey was about 27 million in Maddison (2006).
- ^ There are several different estimates for the Roman Empire. Most of then varies from 50 million to 130 million, today the 60 to 70 million range is the most accepted, Scheidel (2006, p. 9). Goldsmith (1984, p. 263) estimates 55 million, Beloch (1886, p. 507) estimates 54 million, Maddison (2006, p. 51, 120) estimates 48 million, while Roman Empire Population estimates 65 million (but also gives several other estimates between 45 million and 130 million).
- ^ The combined population of Spain, Portugal, Italy, Netherlands, United States and the Philippines was 29.2 million in Maddison (2006). The population of Latin America was 39 million in Biraben (2003), minus Brazil and its 4 million people with was a part of the portuguese empire..
- ^ The combined population of Southwest Asia and North Africa was about 57 million in Biraben (2003). The combined population of Spain and Portugal was about 5 million in Maddison (2006).
- ^ Han Dynasty Census, 2 CE.
- ^ Boesche (2003, p. 12)
- ^ Quataert (2005, p. 112).
- ^ Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades (2007). Retrieved on February 25, 2007.
- ^ a b McEvedy and Jones (1978).
- ^ Thomlinson (1975, Table 1).
- ^ Maddison (2001, p. 98 & 242).
- ^ a b Maddison, op cit. For alternate estimates, see the Economic History Services' USA/UK GDP search tool.
- ^ Pamuk (2005).
- ^ Christopher Chase-Dunn. Social Evolution and the Future of World Society.
- ^ This estimate is found through interpolation of the cited statistics of American GDP and the American share of world GDP in 1945.
- ^ The combined GDP of the United Kingdom, British India, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ceylon, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Africa in 1870 is about $265 billion in Maddison (2006).
[edit] Bibliography
- Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall and Peter Turchin (2004). East-West Orientation of Historical Empires. University of Connecticut.
- J. Beloch (1886), Die Bevölkerung der griechisch–römischen Welt, Duncker and Humblot, Leipzig.
- Jean-Noël Biraben (2003). "The rising numbers of humankind", Populations & Societies 394.
- Roger Boesche (2003). "Kautilya’s Arthashastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India", The Journal of Military History 67 (p. 9–38).
- Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison (2005). The Economics of World War I. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-8521 2-9.
- Christopher Chase-Dunn, Alexis Álvarez, and Daniel Pasciuti (2002). Power and Size: Urbanization and Empire Formation in World-Systems Since the Bronze Age. University of California, Riverside.
- Raymond W. Goldsmith (1984), "An estimate of the size and structure of the national product of the Early Roman Empire", Journal of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth 30
- Bruce R. Gordon (2005). To Rule the Earth... (See Bibliography for sources used.)
- Mark Harrison (1998). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison.
- Angus Maddison (2001). The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. OECD, Paris.
- Angus Maddison (2006). The Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD. Oxford University Press.
- Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones (1978), "Atlas of World Population History", Facts on File (p. 342-351). New York.
- Sevket Pamuk (2005), "The Ottoman Empire in World War I". In Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison (2005), The Economics of World War I, p. 112-136. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-8521 2-9.
- Donald Quataert (2005). The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922.
- Carla M. Sinopoli (2003). The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, C. 1350-1650.
- Ralph Thomlinson (1975), Demographic Problems, Controversy Over Population Control, Second Edition.
- Dr Frances Wood (2006). China: The Three Emperors. Royal Academy.
- Han Wudi (2005). The Qing Empire. All Empires.
[edit] See also
- Empire
- Global empire
- List of countries by area
- List of countries by GDP
- List of countries by population
- List of extinct states
- The World Economy: Historical Statistics
