List of cancer clusters

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This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completeness. Revisions and sourced additions are welcome.

This is a list of cancer clusters. It should be noted that a cancer cluster is a statistical event, which may or may not have a cause other than chance. There are other cancer clusters that occur without any obvious source of carcinogens.

North America
Date	Disease	Location	Number	Source	Refs
1917-1927	Osteosarcoma	New Jersey, Connecticut, Illinois	86	Radium	1 2
1938-1971	Adenocarcinoma	U.S.A.	750	diethylstilbestrol	3 4
1963-1999	Lung cancer, Mesothelioma	Libby, Montana	56	vermiculite	5
1967-1973	Liver angiosarcoma (Hemangiosarcoma)	Louisville, Kentucky	4	vinyl chloride monomer	6
1968-1995	Leukemia, Lymphoma	Camp Lejeune, North Carolina	103	trichloroethylene 1,2-dichloroethylene tetrachloroethylene methylene chloride vinyl chloride	7
1973-1982	Brain, CNS cancer	Cooke County, Texas	16-29	Unknown	8
1979-1996	Brain, CNS cancer	Toms River, New Jersey	90+	SAN trimer styrene acrylonitrile	9 10 11
1981-1986	Leukemia	Woburn, Massachusetts	21	Chloroform Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene 1,2-Dichloroethene Arsenic	12 13
1982-1984	Testicular cancer	Fulton County, New York	3	dimethylformamide (DMF) 2-ethoxyethanol 2-ethoxyethyl acetate 2-butoxyethanol	14
1987-1999	Brain cancer, Leukemia, Lymphoma	Wilmington, Massachusetts	20	Unknown N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)	15 16 17
1997-2002	Leukemia, rhabdomyosarcoma	Fallon, Nevada	17	Unknown Tungsten Arsenic Chlorpyrifos DDE Benzene in jet fuel	18 19 20 21

Europe
Date	Disease	Location	Number	Source	Refs
1968-1995	Leukemia	Seascale, Sellafield, England	9	Unsure studies indicate a correlation with paternal preconceptional irradiation (PPI)	22 23
1978-1993	Leukemia	La Hague, Normandy, France	27	Unknown (speculated to be tritium)	24 25
1990-2005	Leukemia	Krümmel (Kruemmel), Elbmarsch, Germany	16	Unknown (speculated to be actinide, especially Plutonium241 of unknown origin that was found in the area or tritium from a nearby nuclear power plant)	26 27

[edit] Notes

• Note 1: Grady, Denise (Oct. 8, 1998). A Glow in the Dark, and a Lesson in Scientific Peril. The New York Times.
• Note 2: Thun, Michael J. Sinks, Thomas.(2004). What is a Cancer Cluster? CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 54 (5), 273–280.
• Note 3: Jones, Lovell A. Hajek, Richard A. (1995). Effects of Estrogenic Chemicals on Development. Environmental Health Perspectives 103 (7), 63–67.
• Note 4: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Role of DES Cohort Studies. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2005.
• Note 5: McDonald, JC. Harris, J. Armstrong, B. (2004). Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61 (4), 363–366.
• Note 6: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. (Feb. 7, 1997). Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Angiosarcoma of the Liver Among Polyvinyl Chloride Workers -- Kentucky. 46 (5), 97–101.
• Note 7: US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (Jul. 2003). Survey of Childhood Cancers and Birth Defects at USMC Camp Lejeune. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2005
• Note 8: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. (August 24, 1984). Brain Cancer -- Texas 33 (33), 477–479.
• Note 9: US Environmental Protection Agency. (December 14th, 2004). CIBA-GEIGY CORP. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2005
• Note 10: New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Hazardous Site Health Evaluation Program, Division of Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Health, & US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (Sep. 1997). Childhood Cancer Incidence Health Consultation: A Review and Analysis of Cancer Registry Data, 1979-1995 for Dover Township (Ocean County), New Jersey
• Note 11: NJDHSS, ATSDR. (Dec. 2001). Case-control Study of Childhood Cancers in Dover Township (Ocean County), New Jersey. Volume 1: Summary of the Final Technical Report PDF 134KB. See also: Dover Township Childhood Cancer Investigation. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2005.
• Note 12: Massachusetts Department of Public Health and Bureau of Environmental Health Assessment. (1997). BEHA Reports - Woburn, Massachusetts. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2005.
• Note 13: . Costas, K. Knorr, RS. Condon, SK. (Dec. 2, 2002). A case–control study of childhood leukemia in Woburn, Massachusetts: the relationship between leukemia incidence and exposure to public drinking water. Science of The Total Environment 300 (1-3), 23–35.
• Note 14: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. (Feb. 24, 1989). Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Testicular Cancer in Leather Workers -- Fulton County, New York 38 (7), 105–106, 111–114.
• Note 15: Massachusetts Department of Public Health. (2002). Wilmington Childhood Cancer Study. Bureau of Environmental Health Assessment. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2005.
• Note 16: Massachusetts Department of Public Health. (Aug. 2000). Letter to the Wilmington Board of Health. Evaluation of Cancer Incidence data for the Town of Wilmington, Massachusetts 1987-1995. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2005.
• Note 17: Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts Lowell. (2003). Toxic chemicals and childhood cancer: A review of the evidence. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2005.
• Note 18: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). Cancer Clusters - Churchill County (Fallon), Nevada Exposure Assessment. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2005.
• Note 19: Steinmaus, C. Lu, M. Todd, RL. Smith, AH. (2004). Probability Estimates for the Unique Childhood Leukemia Cluster in Fallon, Nevada, and Risks Near Other U.S. Military Aviation Facilities. Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (6), 766–771 .
• Note 20: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Nevada. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2005.
• Note 21: Mullen Jr., Frank. (Feb. 27, 2005) Scientists zero in on tungsten as Fallon cancer cause. Reno Gazette-Journal.
• Note 22: Gardner, MJ. (1991). Father's occupational exposure to radiation and the raised level of childhood leukemia near the Sellafield nuclear plant. Environmental Health Perspectives 94, 5–7.
• Note 23: Dickinson, H. Parker, L. (2002). Leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children of male Sellafield radiation workers. International Journal of Cancer 99 (3), 437–444.
• Note 24: Pobel, D. Viel, JF. (1997). Case-control study of leukaemia among young people near La Hague nuclear reprocessing plant: the environmental hypothesis revisited. British Medical Journal 314 (101).
• Note 25: Seth, A. (1997) Leukemia Clusters Near La Hague and Sellafield. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (4). Retrieved Jan. 31, 2005.
• Note 26: Hoffmann, W. Schmitz-Feuerhake, I. Dieckmann, Hayo (1997). A cluster of childhood leukemia near a nuclear reactor in Northern Germany. Archives Environ. Health 52 (1997) 275-280.
• Note 27: Brüske-Hohlfeld, I. et al. A cluster of childhood leukemias near two neighbouring nuclear installations in Northern Germany: prevalence of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 77 (2001) 111-116.