List of antioxidants in food

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents 1 Vitamins 2 Vitamin cofactors and minerals 3 Hormones 4 Carotenoid terpenoids 5 Flavonoid polyphenolics 6 Phenolic acids and their esters 7 Other nonflavonoid phenolics 8 Other organic antioxidants 9 References

[edit] Vitamins

• Vitamin A (Retinol), also synthesized by the body from beta-carotene, protects dark green, yellow and orange vegetables and fruits from solar radiation damage, and is thought to play a similar role in the human body. Carrots, squash, broccoli, sweet potatoes, tomatoes (which gain their color from the compound lycopene), kale, seabuckthorn, collards, cantaloupe, peaches and apricots are particularly rich sources of beta-carotene.

• Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble compound that fulfills several roles in living systems. Important sources include citrus fruits (such as oranges, sweet lime, etc.), green peppers, broccoli, green leafy vegetables, black currants, strawberries, blueberries, seabuckthorn, raw cabbage and tomatoes. Linus Pauling was a major advocate for its use.

• Vitamin E, including Tocotrienol and Tocopherol, is fat soluble and protects lipids. Sources include wheat germ, seabuckthorn, nuts, seeds, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, vegetable oil, and fish-liver oil. Recent studies showed that some tocotrienol isomers have significant anti-oxidant properties.

[edit] Vitamin cofactors and minerals

• Coenzyme Q10
• Manganese, particularly when in its +2 valence state as part of the enzyme called superoxide dismutase (SOD).

[edit] Hormones

• Melatonin

[edit] Carotenoid terpenoids

See main article at Carotenoid

• Lycopene - found in high concentration in ripe red tomatoes.
• Lutein - found in high concentration in spinach and red peppers.
• Alpha-carotene
• Beta-carotene - found in high concentrations in butternut squash, carrots, orange bell peppers, pumpkins, and sweet potatoes.
• Zeaxanthin - the main pigment found in yellow corn.
• Astaxanthin - found naturally in red algae and animals higher in the marine food chain. It is a red pigment familiarly recognized in crustacean shells and salmon flesh/roe.
• Canthaxanthin

[edit] Flavonoid polyphenolics

Flavonoids, a subset of polyphenol antioxidants, are present in many berries, as well as in coffee and tea.

• Flavones:
  • Luteolin
  • Apigenin
  • Tangeritin

• Flavonols:
  • Quercetin and related, such as rutin
  • Kaempferol
  • Myricetin - walnuts are a rich source
  • Isorhamnetin
  • Proanthocyanidins, or condensed tannins

• Flavanones:
  • Hesperetin (metabolizes to hesperidin)
  • Naringenin (metabolized from naringin)
  • Eriodictyol

• Flavanols and their polymers:
  • Catechin, Gallocatechin and their coresponding gallate esters
  • Epicatechin, Epigallocatechin and their coresponding gallate esters
  • Theaflavin its gallate esters
  • Thearubigins

• Isoflavone phytoestrogens - found primarily in soy, peanuts, and other members of the Fabaceae family.
  • Genistein
  • Daidzein
  • Glycitein

• Stilbenoids:
  • Resveratrol - found in the skins of dark-colored grapes, and concentrated in red wine.
  • Pterostilbene - methoxylated analogue of resveratrol, abundant in Vaccinium berries

• Anthocyanins
  • Cyanidin
  • Delphinidin
  • Malvidin
  • Pelargonidin
  • Peonidin
  • Petunidin

[edit] Phenolic acids and their esters

See main article: Polyphenol antioxidant

• Ellagic acid - found in high concentration in raspberry and strawberry, and in ester form in red wine tannins.
• Gallic acid - found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and many other plants.
• Salicylic acid - found in most vegetables, fruits, and herbs; but most abundantly in the bark of willow trees, from where it was extracted for use in the early manufacture of aspirin.
• Rosmarinic acid - found in high concentration in rosemary, oregano, lemon balm, sage, and marjoram.
• Cinnamic acid and its derivatives, such as ferulic acid - found in seeds of plants such as in brown rice, whole wheat and oats, as well as in coffee, apple, artichoke, peanut, orange and pineapple.
• Chlorogenic acid - found in high concentration in coffee (more concentrated in robusta than arabica beans), blueberries and tomatoes. Produced from esterification of caffeic acid.
• Chicoric acid - another caffeic acid derivative, is found only in the popular medicinal herb Echinacea purpurea.
• Gallotannins - hydrolyzable tannin polymer formed when gallic acid, a polyphenol monomer, esterifies and binds with the hydroxyl group of a polyol carbohydrate such as glucose.
• Ellagitannins - hydrolyzable tannin polymer formed when ellagic acid, a polyphenol monomer, esterifies and binds with the hydroxyl group of a polyol carbohydrate such as glucose.
• Emblicanin-antioxidant - tannin from Emblica Officinalis

[edit] Other nonflavonoid phenolics

• Curcumin
• Xanthones
• Silymarin - mixture of flavonolignans extracted from milk thistle.
• Eugenol

[edit] Other organic antioxidants

• Citric acid, oxalic acid, and phytic acid
• Lignan - antioxidant and phytoestrogen found in oats, flax seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, rye, soybeans, broccoli, beans, and some berries.
• Bilirubin, a breakdown product of blood, has been identified as a possibly significant antioxidant.^[1]
• Uric acid In humans accouts for roughly half the antioxidant ability of plasme.
• R-α-Lipoic acid - fat and water soluble
• N-Acetylcysteine - water soluble

[edit] References

1. ^ Stocker R, Yamamoto Y, McDonagh AF, Glazer AN, Ames BN (1987). "Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance". Science 235 (4792): 1043-6. DOI:10.1126/science.3029864. PMID 3029864.