List of Turkic states and empires
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[edit] Modern Turkic Countries
[edit] Independent states
[edit] De facto states
[edit] Autonomous Turkic republics in Russia
[edit] Other autonomous republics in the Russian Federation
These republics have a small Turkic minority and official language is a Turkic language.
[edit] Other autonomous Turkic regions
- Crimea in Ukraine
- Gagauzia in Moldova
- Xinjiang (also known as East Turkestan) in the People's Republic of China
- Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan
- Nakhichevan in Azerbaijan
[edit] Former and defunct countries
- Azerbaijan SSR (1920-1991)
- Kazakh SSR (1920-1991)
- Kyrgyz SSR (1924-1991)
- Turkmen SSR (1920-1991)
- Uzbek SSR (1924-1991)
- Republic of Hatay (1938-1939)
- People's Republic of Tannu Tuva (1921-1944)
- Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (1932-1934)
- East Turkistan Republic (1944-1949)
- Republic of Gumuljina (in Western Thrace, Greece) (1913)
[edit] Historical kingdoms and empires
The following listed kingdoms and empires were at some time ruled by Turkic kings/khans/shahs or other dynasties. Mentioning of any particular entity in this place should not be read to mean that the entity as a whole was Turkic or even had more than a significant minority of Turkic subjects.
- Xiongnu (3rd century BC-4th century AD) (Recent genetics research[2] confirms the other studies[3] indicating the link to Turkic peoples[4], on the other hand A. Vovin suggested a Yeniseian languages link[5])
- Huns (4th century-5th century) (controversial)
- Gokturk State (552-744)
- Bulgars (2nd-9th century) (origin of Proto-Bulgars is controversial)
- Great Bulgaria (580s-635)[citation needed]
- Volga Bulgaria (800-1236)[citation needed]
- Pechenegs (860-1091)
- Khazars (7th-10th century)
- Uyghur State (744-840)
- Kyrgyz State (840-920)
- Kypchaks
- Kimeks
- Saqsin
- Kara-Khanid Khanate (840-1042)
- Later Tang Dynasty in China (923-936, founded by Shatuo Turks)
- Later Jin Dynasty in China (936-947, founded by Shatuo Turks)
- Later Han Dynasty in China (947-951, founded by Shatuo Turks)
- Kara-Khitan Khanate (1207-1487)[citation needed]
- Mamluks (1250-1517) ("slaves" - partly Turkic)
- Karamanoğlu (13th century-1487)
- Black Sheep Turcomans & White Sheep Turcomans (1375-1468)
- Khanate of Kazan (1438-1552)
- Khanate of Astrakhan (1430s-1554)
- Siberia Khanate (1430s-1576)
- Qasim Khanate (15th -17th century)
- Kazakh Khanate (1456-1731)
- Khanate of Crimea (1441-1783)
- Jagoldai (15th-17th century)
- Ottoman Empire (1299-1922)[6][7] (because the culture of the ruling dynasty, the House of Osman, was largely derived from the Persian culture, the Ottomans may also be regarded as Turkic Persianate; see also: Turko-Persian Tradition)[8][9][10][11]
[edit] Turco-Mongol and Turkic Persianate
- Ghaznavid dynasty (962-1187) (ruled by a predominantly Persian-speaking family of Turkic mamluk origin; the Turkic identity of the dynasty is controversial)[12][13]
- Seljuq dynasty (1073-1307) (ruled by a predominantly Persian-speaking family of originally Oghuz Turkic descent; the Turkic identity of the dynasty is controversial)[14][12][15][8]
- Khwarezm Shahs (1097-1231) (ruled by a predominantly Persian-speaking family of Turkic mamluk origin; Turkic identity of the dynasty is controversial)[16]
- Golden Horde (1227-1502)[17] (Turkicized nomadic confederation, originally ruled by a Mongol elite)
- Timurid dynasty (1370-1506) (Turkicized and Persianized dynasty of Mongol origin)
- Safavid dynasty (1501–1722) (ruled by a predominantly Turkic-speaking family of originally Kurdish descent)[18][19][20]
[edit] Turkic States in Eastern Europe
- The Avar kingdom (origin and language of Avars are controversial)
- Crimean Khanate (1441-1783)
Western Turkic
Azerbaijan1 • 
Bashkortostan2 • 
Chuvashia2 • 
Cyprus - 
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus3 • 
Gagauzia4 • 
Kabardino-Balkaria2 •
Karachay-Cherkessia2 • 
Karakalpakstan5 • 
Kazakhstan • 
Tatarstan2 • 
Turkmenistan • 
Turkey • 
Uzbekistan • 
Xinjiang6
Eastern Turkic
Altai Republic2 • 
Khakassia2 • 
Kyrgyzstan • 
Sakha2 • 
Tuva2
Notes: (1) Includes the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic; (2) A federal subject of the Russian Federation; (3) See Cyprus dispute;
(4) Gagauzia is a territorial autonomous unit of Moldova; (5) Karakalpakstan is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan; (6) Xinjiang Uyghur is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Recognized only by Turkey, see Cyprus dispute.
- ^ Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis of a 2,000-year-old necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia Keyser-Tracqui C., Crubezy E., Ludes B. American Journal of Human Genetics 73, 247-260 (August 2003) (Am J Hum Genet. 2003 August; 73(2): 247–260.)
- ^ All Empires
- ^ Ancient DNA Tells Tales from the Grave Nancy Touchette "Skeletons from the most recent graves also contained DNA sequences similar to those in people from present-day Turkey. This supports other studies indicating that Turkish tribes originated at least in part in Mongolia at the end of the Xiongnu period."
- ^ A. Vovin, "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?", Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87-104.
- ^ Kinross, Patrick. 2002. The Ottoman Centures: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Perennial
- ^ The Ottomans: Origins
- ^ a b O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
- ^ "Persian in service of the state: the role of Persophone historical writing in the development of an Ottoman imperial aesthetic", Studies on Persianate Societies 2, 2004, pp. 145-163.
- ^ "Historiography. xi. Persian Historiography in the Ottoman Empire", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 12, fasc. 4, 2004: 403-411.
- ^ F. Walter, "Music of the Ottoman court", Chap. 7 The Departure of Turkey from the "Persianate" Musical Sphere (LINK)
- ^ a b M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
- ^ Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah, "History Of The Mohamedan Power In India", Chapter I, "Sultān Mahmūd-e Ghaznavī", p.27: "... "Sabuktegin, the son of Jūkān, the son of Kuzil-Hukum, the son of Kuzil-Arslan, the son of Fīrūz, the son of Yezdijird, king of Persia. ..."
- ^ K.A. Luther, "Alp Arslān" in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK): "... Saljuq activity must always be viewed both in terms of the wishes of the sultan and his Khorasanian, Sunni advisors, especially Nezām-al-molk ..."
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
- ^ M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth, member of the British Academy, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
- ^ Boris Grekov and Alexander Yakubovski, "The Golden Horde and its Downfall"
- ^ Roger M. Savory, Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Safawids", Online Edition, 2005
- ^ Roger M. Savory, "The consolidation of Safawid power in Persia", in Isl., 1965
- ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, Vol. XII, p. 873, original German edition, " Persien (Geschichte des neupersischen Reichs)", (LINK)
