List of Shan states and rulers

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The Shan State of Burma (Myanmar) was once made up of a large number of traditional monarchies or fiefdoms. Three ranks of chiefs where recognized by the Burmese king and later by the British administration. These ranks were Saopha or Chaofa (Shan for king or chieftain) or Sawbwa in Burmese, Myosa ("duke" or chief of town), and Ngwegunhmu (silver revenue chief).

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[edit] Hierarchy and Precedence

The distinction in the titles dates from the days of the Burmese monarchy although the same states have not continued to hold the same titles for their chiefs during the centuries --- changes took place according to royal favour, results of battles and later, the decisions of the British authorities. The privileges and titles were so much a matter of royal ordinance that every one of a Sawbwa's symbols of power was laid down in a special book of dispensations granted by the higher court. His regalia and clothes, the guilding and jewel decoration of betel boxes, spittoons, fly-whisks and such articles of use, the dress of ministers, the umbrellas, spears and horses in procession, the caparisoning of the royal elephant, the instruments for processional music, the gateways and the style of residence, all were rigidly prescribed to ensure that the dignity kept up accordance with the status of a royal chieftain, yet did not encroach on the special privileges reserved for the court of Ava itself. The British, whose success in administration was largely bound up with observance, of precedence in a hierarchy, listed states also as Sawbaships, Myosaships and Ngwegunhmuships.

The follwing lists the Sawbwas in order of the precedence, at the time of the British annexation of the Shan States.

State Area (sq. mi) Classical Name Notes
Sawbwas
Kengtung 12,400 Khemarata Tungaburi
Hsipaw 4,524 Dutawadi
Mongnai 2,717 Saturambha/Nandapwa
Yawnghwe 1,392 Kambawsarata
Tawngpeng 800 Pappatasara
South Hsenwi 2,400 Siwirata or Kawsampi Also known as Mongyai
North Hsenwi 6,330 Siwirata or Kawsampi
Mongmit 3,733 Gandhalarata
Mongpai 730
Lawksawk 2,362 Hansawadi?
Laikha 1,560 Hansawadi
Mawkmai 2,557 Lawkawadi
Mongpan 2,988 Dhannawadi
Mongpawn 366 Rajjawadi
Manglun Jambularata
Kantarawadi 3,015
Samka 314
Mongkung 1,593 Lankawadi
Myosas
Nawngwawn 28 Pokkharawadi Amalgamated with Mong Pawn, 1931
Mongnawng 1,646 Nandawadi
Mongsit
Kehsi-bansam 551
Mawnang Amalgamated with Hsamongkham, 1934
Loilong (Pinlaung) 1,098
Hsahtung 471
Wanyin 219
Hopong 212
Namkhok 108 Amalgamated with Mong Pawn, 1931
Sakoi 82
Mongshu 470 Hansawadi
Kenglun 54 Amalgamated with Kehsh Bansam, 1926
Bawlake 565
Kyetbogyi 700
Hsamongkham 449
Baw 741
Pwela 178
Ngwegunhmus
Yengan (Ywangan) 359
Pangtara (Pindaya) 86
Pangmi 30
Loi-ai 156 Amalgamated with Hsamongkham, 1930
Kyaukku 76 Amalgamated with Pwela, 1928
Loimaw 48 Amalgamated with Yawnghwe, 1928
Kyone 24
Namtok 14 Amalgamated with Loilong, 1931

[edit] Baw

[edit] Hopong (Hopon)

under a Myosa (no current information)

[edit] Hsahtung (Thaton)

  • 1781-? Hkun Samu
  •  ? Descendants of Hkun Samu
  • 1839 - ? Hkun Kyaw Le
  •  ?
  •  ? - 1905 Hkun Law
  • 1905- 1930 Sao Hkun Sing
  • 1930- 1957 Sao Hkun Kyi
  • 1957 -1959 Sao Aung Myint

[edit] Hsamönghkam (Thamaingkan)

Founded before 1700 and under a Myosa, its known rulers were:

  • 1807 - 18.. Maung Shwe Pon
  • 1825 - 1834 Maung Shwe E (1st time)
  • 1834 - 18.. Maung Me (1st time)
  • 18.. - 1847 Maung Shwe E (2nd time)
  • 1847 - 1848 Maung Me (2nd time)
  • 1848 - 1867 Maung Shwe Min (1st time)
  • 1867 Maung Lin (1st time)
  • 1867 - 18.. Maung Tha U
  • 18.. - 1876 Maung Kyi
  • 1876 - 18.. Maung Lin (2nd time)
  • 18.. - 1885 Maung Su Ka
  • 1885 - 1886 Maung Shwe Min (2nd time)
  • 1886 - 19.. Maung Hpo

[edit] Hsawnghsup (Thaungdut)

Founded before 1858 under a Saopha, it ceased to exist in 1893. The rulers were:

  • x-x Sao Aung Ba
  • 1858? -1880 Sao Shwe Maung
  • 1880 - 1893 Sao Kan Mun

[edit] Hsenwi (Theinni)

Hsenwi sets its legendary foundation before 650. It was ruled by a Saopha and ceased to exist in March 1888, when it was split into North Hsenwi and South Hsenwi. The rulers were:

  • 1778 - 1800 Sao Hswe Cheng (Kon)
  • 1800 - 1815 Sao Hsö Kaw
  • 1815 - 1819 Mogaung Wun -Regent
  • 1819 - 1821 Sao Naw Möng
  • 1821 - 1824 Hkun Hkam Hkawt
  • 1824 - 1827 Sao Hkam Pak
  • 1827 - 1831 Sao Hkam Nan
  • 1831 - 1838 Sao Hkun Maung Lek
  • 1838 - 1845 Sao Hkam Leng (Hsö Hkan Hpa)
  • 1845 - 1848 Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (1st time)
  • 1848 - 1853 Vacant
  • 1853 - 1855 Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (2nd time)
  • 1855 - 1858 Vacant
  • 1858 - 1860 Sao Hpa Mawng Hpa (1st time)
  • 1860 - 1863 Vacant
  • 1863 - 1864 Sao Hpa Mawng Hpa (2nd time)
  • 1864 - 1866 Shwe Pyi Bo
  • 1866 - 1867 U Ma Nga
  • 1867 - 1869 Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (3rd time)
  • 1869 - 1873 Vacant
  • 1873 - 1874 Win Hmu
  • 1874 - 1875 Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (4th time)
  • 1875 - 1876 Natsu Letya
  • 1876 - 1879 Sao Hseng Naw Hpa (5th time)
  • 1879 - 1888 Hkun Hsang Ton Hong

[edit] North Hsenwi

Created in March 1888 from Hsenwi state. the main state was split into two, North and South Hsenwi.

  • Mar 1888 -x Hkun Hsang Ton Hong
  • 1927 - 1959 Sao Hom Hpa

[edit] South Hsenwi

Created in March 1888 by the splitting of the Hsenwi state. The state is also know is Mong Yai. The rulers were:

  • 1888 - 1913 Sao Naw Möng
  • 1913 - 1946 Sao Song
  • 1946 - 1959 Sao Hso Hom

[edit] Hsihkip (Thigyit)

Founded before 600, it ceased to exist in 1886, when it was incorporated into Yawnghwe. It was ruled by a Myosa and the rulers were:

  • 1800? Hkun Chok
  • 18.. - 18.. Hkun Hpe
  • 18.. - 18.. Hkun Daw
  • 18.. - 18.. Maung Paw
  • 18.. - 18.. Maung Paik
  • 18.. - 18.. Hkun Hmom
  • 18.. - 18.. Hkam Lin -Regent
  • 184. - 184. Hkun Nyun
  • 184. - 1848 Twet Kye -Regent
  • 1848 - 1851 Hkun Ywe
  • 1851 - 1862 Hkun Ton
  • 1863 - 1870 Son Hkun Hpon
  • 1870 - 1886 Maung Hnya

[edit] Hsipaw (Thibaw)

Founded, according to legend, in 58 BC, it was ruled by a Saopha. Its formal name was Dutawadi. For the state capital see Thipaw.

  • 1788 - 1809 Sao Hswe Kya
  • 1809 - 1843 Sao Hkun Hkwi
  • 1843 - 1853 Sao Hkun Paw
  • 1853 - 1866 Sao Kya Htun
  • 1866 - 18.. Sao Kya Hkeng
  • 1886 - 1902 Hkun Saing
  • 1902 - 1928 Sao Hke
  • 1928 - 1938 Sao On Kya
  • 1938 - 1947 Under direct British administration
  • 1947 - 1962 Sao Kya Seng

[edit] Kengtung (Kyaingtong)

For the state capital see Kengtong.

  • 1243-1247 Mang Kun (Delegate of Mang Rai, founder of Kengtung State)
  • 1247-1253 Mang Kyin
  • 1253-1264 A son of Mang Rai with a monk in joint charge
  • 1264-1317 Sao Nam Nam
  • 1317-1324 Sao Hsam Mun Hwe
  • 1324-1342 Sao Lak
  • 1342-1360 Sao Hsai Nan
  • 1360-1370 Sao Yu
  • 1379-1387 Sao Sit Pan Tu
  • 1387-1390 Sao Ai Awn
  • 1390-1403 Ai Wu Hsa
  • 1403-1460 Yi Hkam Hka
  • 1416-1441 Sao Hsam
  • 1441-1456 Sao Hsam si-li
  • 1456-1474 Ai Lao Hkam
  • 1474-1501 Ai Lao
  • Sao Naw Kiao (son of Ai Lao Hkam)
  • Hsai Hkaw (son of Ai Lao Hkam)
  • Hsai Hpom (son of Ai Lao Hkam)
  • Sao Hsam (son of Ai Lao Hkam)
  • Sao Kham Mu (son of Ai Lao Hkam)
  • 1523-1560 Hpaya Kiao (a monk called to rule)
  • 1560-1598 Sao Mong Hka
  • 1598-1620 Sao Hkam Tao
  • 1620-1637 Sao Mong Hkak
  • Sao On
  • Sao In Hkam
  • Sao Awk
  • Sao Mong Saik
  • Sao Hsam Hpi
  • 1730-1740 Maung Nyo (Yawnghwe Shan sent from Ava)
  • Sao Mong Sin
  • Sao Mong Hsam
  • 1787-1804 Sao Kawng Tai
  • 1813-1857 Sao Maha Hkanan
  • 1857-1876 Sao Maha Hpom
  • 1876-1881 Sao Hkam Hseng
  • 1881-1886 Sao Kawng Tai
  • 1886-1897 Sao Kawng Hkam
  • 1895-1935 Sao Kawng Kiao Intaleng
  • 1935-1937 Sao Kawng Tai
  • 1937-1959 Sao Sai Long

[edit] Kesi-Bansam

[edit] Kokang

Ruled and founded by the Yang dynasty,it was founded in 1739 by Yang Shien Tsai, Chief of Shin Da Hu. Later his successor Yang Wei Shin expanded his territory and renamed it Kho Kan Shan. Yang Yon Gen then finally renamed it to Kokang. The first 2 reigned as chiefs, the 3rd assumed the title of Heng which was to be held until Yang Chun Yon assumed the Myosa title. Colonel Sao Yang Wen Pin assumed the title of Saopha, after the British recognised Kokang in 1947 as a state for services in the Second World War; it lasted until the state ceased to exist in 1959. The rulers were:

  • 1739 - 1758 Yang Shien Tsai, Chief of Shin Da Hu
  • 1758 - 1795 Yang Wei Shin, Chief of Kho Kan Shan
  • 1795 - 1840 Yang Yon Gen, Heng of Kokang
  • 1840 - 1874 Yang Guo Hwa, Heng of Kokang
  • 1874 - 1916 Yang Guo Zhen, Heng of Kokang
  • 1916 - 1927 Yang Chun Yon, Heng and Myosa of Kokang
  • 1927 - 1949 Colonel Sao Yang Wen Pin, Saopha of Kokang
  • 1949 - 1959 Sao Edward Yang Kyein Tsai, Saopha of Kokang.

[edit] Kyon

[edit] Laihka (Lègya)

[edit] Lawksawk (Yatsauk)

[edit] Mawkmai

[edit] Manglon

[edit] Monghsu

[edit] Mongkung

[edit] Mong Mit (Momeik)

  • Sao Khin Maung
  • Sao Hkun Hkio

[edit] Mong Nai (Monè)

  • Sao Pye

[edit] Mongnawng

[edit] Mong Pai

[edit] Mong Pan

[edit] Mong Pawng (Maing Pun)

  • Sao Khun Hti
  • Sao Sam Htun
  • Sao Hso Hom

[edit] Namkhok-Nawngwawn

[edit] Panglawng

[edit] Pangmi

Sao Khun Min

[edit] Pangrara

[edit] Pwehla

[edit] Sakoi

[edit] Samka

[edit] Tawngpeng

[edit] Wanyin (Banyin)

[edit] Yawnghwe (Nyaungshwe)

The formal name of the state was Kanbawza. For the state capital see Nyaung Shwe.

[edit] Ywangan

[edit] Bibliography

  • Sao Sāimöng, The Shan States and the British Annexation. Cornell University, Cornell, 1969 (2nd ed.)
  • Sao Sāimöng Mangrāi, The Pādaeng Chronicle and the Jengtung State Chronicle Translated. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1981
  • J. G. Scott, Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. 5 vols. Rangoon, 1900-1901
  • J. G. Scott, Burma: a handbook of practical information. London, 1906
  • Shan States and Karenni List of Chiefs and Leading Families (corrected up to 1939), Government of India Press, Simla, 1943
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