List of North American mammals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of North American mammals. It includes all mammals currently found in North America north of Mexico, whether resident or as migrants. It does not include species found only in captivity. Mammal species recently presumed extinct (post 1500) are included here. Each species is listed, with its binomial name. Most established introduced species occurring across multiple states and provinces are also noted.Some species are identified as indicated below:
- (A) = Accidental occurrence based on one or a few records, and unlikely to occur regularly.
- (E) = Extinct; a recent member of the avifauna that no longer exists.
- (Ex) = Extirpated; no longer occurs in area of interest, but other populations still exist elsewhere.
- (I) = Introduced population established solely as result of direct or indirect human intervention; synonymous with non-native and non-indigenous.
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[edit] Marsupials
- Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana
[edit] Armadillos
- Nine-banded Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus
[edit] Rodents
[edit] Aplodontiidae
- Mountain Beaver Aplodontia rufa
[edit] Beavers
- American beaver Castor canadensis
[edit] Jumping Mice
- Woodland jumping mouse Napaeozapus insignis
- Meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius
- Western jumping mouse Zapus princeps
- Pacific jumping mouse Zapus trinotatus
[edit] Porcupines
- North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum
[edit] Pocket Gophers
There has been much debate among taxonomists about which races of pocket gopher should be recognized as full species, and the following list cannot be regarded as definitive.
- Yellow-faced Pocket Gopher Cratogeomys castanops
- Desert Pocket Gopher Geomys arenarius
- Attwater's Pocket Gopher Geomys attwateri
- Baird's Pocket Gopher Geomys beviceps
- Plains Pocket Gopher Geomys bursarius
- Jones's Pocket Gopher Geomys knoxjonesi
- Texas Pocket Gopher Geomys personatus
- Southeastern Pocket Gopher Geomys pinetus
- Llano Pocket Gopher Geomys texensis
- Botta's Pocket Gopher Thomomys bottae
- Camas Pocket Gopher Thomomys bulbivorus
- Wyoming Pocket Gopher Thomomys clusius
- Idaho Pocket Gopher Thomomys idahoensis
- Mazama Pocket Gopher Thomomys mazama
- Mountain Pocket Gopher Thomomys monticola
- Northern Pocket Gopher Thomomys talpoides
- Townsend's Pocket Gopher Thomomys townsendi
- Southern Pocket Gopher Thomomys umbrinus
[edit] Heteromyidae
- Mexican Spiny Pocket Mouse Liomys irroratus
- Ord's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys ordii
- Gulf Coast Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys compactus'
- Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys microps
- Panamint Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys panamintinus
- Stephen's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys stephensi
- Big-eared Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys elephantinus
- Narrow-faced Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys venustus
- Agile Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys agilis
- Heermann's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys heermanni
- California Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys californicus
- Giant Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys ingens
- Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys spectabilis
- Texas Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys elator
- Merriam's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys merriami
- San Jose Island Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys insularis
- Fresno Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys nitratoides
- Desert Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys deserti
- Dulzura Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys simulans
- Dark Kangaroo Mouse Microdipodops megacephalus
- Pale Kangaroo Mouse Microdipodops pallidus
- White-eared Pocket Mouse Perognathus alticola
- Arizona Pocket Mouse Perognathus amplus
- Olive-backed Pocket Mouse Perognathus fasciatus
- Plains Pocket Mouse Perognathus flavescens
- Silky Pocket Mouse Perognathus flavus
- San Joaquin Pocket Mouse Perognathus inornatus
- Little Pocket Mouse Perognathus longimembris
- Merriam's Pocket Mouse Perognathus merriami
- Great Basin Pocket Mouse Perognathus parvus
- Bailey's Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus baileyi
- California Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus californicus
- Chihuahuan Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus eremicus
- San Diego Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus fallax
- Long-tailed Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus formosus
- Hispid Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus hispidus
- Rock Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus intermedius
- Nelson's Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus nelsoni
- Desert Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus penicillatus
- Spiny Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus spinatus
[edit] Squirrels
- Eastern Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis
- Eastern Fox Squirrel Sciurus niger
- Mexican Fox Squirrel Sciurus nayaritensis
- Arizona Gray Squirrel Sciurus arizonensis
- Western Gray Squirrel Sciurus griseus
- Red Squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
- Douglas' Squirrel Tamiasciurus douglasii
- Abert's Squirrel Sciurus alberti
- Northern Flying Squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus
- Southern Flying Squirrel Glaucomys volans
- Harris's Antelope Squirrel Ammospermophilus harrisii
- San Joaquin Antelope Squirrel Ammospermophilus nelsoni
- White-tailed Antelope Squirrel Ammospermophilus leucurus
- Texas Antelope Squirrel Ammospermophilus interpres
- Gunnison's Prairie Dog Cynomys gunnisoni
- White-tailed Prairie Dog Cynomys leucurus
- Black-tailed Prairie Dog Cynomys ludovicianus
- Utah Prairie Dog Cynomys parvidens
- Alaska Marmot Marmota broweri
- Hoary Marmot Marmota caligata
- Yellow-bellied Marmot Marmota flaviventris
- Woodchuck Marmota monax
- Olympic Marmot Marmota olympus
- Vancouver Marmot Marmota vancouverensis
- Uinta Ground Squirrel Spermophilus armatus
- California Ground Squirrel Spermophilus beecheyi
- Belding's Ground Squirrel Spermophilus beldingi
- Idaho Ground Squirrel Spermophilus brunneus
- Merriam's Ground Squirrel Spermophilus canus
- Columbian Ground Squirrel Spermophilus columbianus
- Wyoming Ground Squirrel Spermophilus elegans
- Franklin's ground squirrel Spermophilus franklinii
- Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel Spermophilus lateralis
- Mexican Ground Squirrel Spermophilus mexicanus
- Mohave Ground Squirrel Spermophilus mohavensis
- Piute Ground Squirrel Spermophilus mollis
- Arctic Ground Squirrel Spermophilus parryii
- Richardson's Ground Squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii
- Cascade Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel Spermophilus saturatus
- Spotted Ground Squirrel Spermophilus spilosoma
- Round-tailed Ground Squirrel Spermophilus tereticaudus
- Townsend's Ground Squirrel Spermophilus townsendii
- Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus
- Rock Squirrel Spermophilus variegatus
- Washington Ground Squirrel Spermophilus washingtoni
- Alpine Chipmunk Tamias alpinus
- Yellow Pine Chipmunk Tamias amoenus
- Gray-footed Chipmunk Tamias canipes
- Gray-collared Chipmunk Tamias cinereicollis
- Cliff Chipmunk Tamias dorsalis
- Merriam's Chipmunk Tamias merriami
- Least Chipmunk Tamias minimus
- California Chipmunk Tamias obscurus
- Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk Tamias ochrogenys
- Palmer's Chipmunk Tamias palmeri
- Panamint Chipmunk Tamias panamintinus
- Long-eared Chipmunk Tamias quadrimaculatus
- Colorado Chipmunk Tamias quadrivittatus
- Red-tailed Chipmunk Tamias ruficaudus
- Hopi Chipmunk Tamias rufus
- Allen's Chipmunk Tamias senex
- Siskiyou Chipmunk Tamias siskiyou
- Sonoma Chipmunk Tamias sonomae
- Lodgepole Chipmunk Tamias speciosus
- Eastern Chipmunk Tamias striatus
- Townsend's Chipmunk Tamias townsendii
- Uinta Chipmunk Tamias umbrinus
[edit] Muroids
There has been much debate among taxonomists about which races of mice and voles should be recognized as full species, and the following list cannot be regarded as definitive.
- Insular Vole Microtus abbreviatus
- Beach Vole Microtus breweri
- California Vole Microtus californicus
- Gray-tailed Vole Microtus canicaudis
- Rock Vole Microtus chrotorrhinus
- Long-tailed Vole Microtus longicaudus
- Mexican Vole Microtus mexicanus
- Mogollon Vole Microtus mogollonensis
- Singing Vole Microtus miurus
- Montane Vole Microtus montanus
- Prairie Vole Microtus ochrogaster
- Tundra Vole Microtus oeconomus
- Creeping Vole Microtus oregoni
- Meadow Vole Microtus pennsylvanicus
- Woodland Vole Microtus pinetorum
- Water Vole Microtus richardsoni
- Townsend's Vole Microtus townsendii
- Taiga Vole Microtus xanthognathus
- Sagebrush Vole Lemmiscus curtatus
- Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus'
- White-footed Vole Arborimus albipes
- Red Tree Vole Arborimus longicaudus
- Sonoma Tree Vole Arborimus pomo
- Western Heather Vole Phenacomys intermedius
- Eastern Heather Vole Phenacomys ungava
- Western red-backed vole Myodes californicus
- Southern Red-backed Vole Myodes gapperi
- Northern red-backed vole Myodes rutilus
- Northern Bog Lemming Synaptomys borealis
- Southern Bog Lemming Synaptomys cooperi
- Brown Lemming Lemmus trimucronatus
- Round-tailed Muskrat Neofiber alleni
- Northern Collared Lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus
- Ungava Collared Lemming Dicrostonyx hudsonius
- Richardson's Collared Lemming Dicrostonyx richardsoni
- White-throated Woodrat Neotoma albigula
- Bushy-tailed Woodrat Neotoma cinerea
- Arizona Woodrat Neotoma devia
- Eastern Woodrat Neotoma floridana
- Dusky-footed Woodrat Neotoma fuscipes
- Desert Woodrat Neotoma lepida
- Allegheny Woodrat Neotoma magister
- Mexican Woodrat Neotoma mexicana
- Southern Plains Woodrat Neotoma micropus
- Stephen's Woodrat Neotoma stephensi
- Golden Mouse Ochrotomys nuttalli
- California Mouse Peromyscus californicus
- Cactus Mouse Peromyscus eremicus
- Mesquite Mouse Peromyscus merriami
- Canyon Mouse Peromyscus crinitis
- Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus
- Oldfield Mouse Peromyscus polionotus
- White-footed Mouse Peromyscus leucopus
- Cotton Mouse Peromyscus gossypinus
- Brush Mouse Peromyscus boylii
- Texas Mouse Peromyscus attwateri
- White-ankled Mouse Peromyscus pectoralis
- Pinyon Mouse Peromyscus truei
- Osgood's Mouse Peromyscus gratus
- Northwestern Deer Mouse Peromyscus keeni
- Northern Rock Mouse Peromyscus nasutus
- Fulvous Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys fulvescens
- Eastern Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys humulis
- Western Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis
- Plains Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys montanus
- Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys raviventris
- Mearn's grasshopper mouse Onychomys arenicola
- Northern grasshopper mouse Onychomys leucogaster
- Southern grasshopper mouse Onychomys torridus
- Florida Mouse Podomys floridanus
- Hispid Cotton Rat Sigmodon hispidus
- Yellow-nosed Cotton Rat Sigmodon ochrognathus
- Arizona Cotton Rat Sigmodon arizonae
- Tawny-bellied Cotton Rat Sigmodon fulviventer
- Coues's Rice Rat Oryzomys couesi
- Marsh Rice Rat Oryzomys palustris
- Norway rat Rattus norvegicus (I)
- Black rat Rattus rattus (I)
- House mouse Mus musculus (I)
[edit] Myocastoridae
- Nutria Myocastor coypus (I)
[edit] Lagomorphs
[edit] Rabbits and Hares
- Pygmy Rabbit Brachylagus idahoensis
- Brush Rabbit Sylvilagus bachmani
- Swamp Rabbit Sylvilagus aquaticus
- Marsh Rabbit Sylvilagus palustris
- Eastern Cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus
- New England Cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis
- Mountain Cottontail Sylvilagus nuttallii
- Desert Cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii
- Appalachian Cottontail Sylvilagus obscurus
- European Rabbit Oryctolgaus cuniculus (I)
- Antelope Jackrabbit Lepus alleni
- Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus
- Arctic Hare Lepus arcticus
- Alaskan Hare Lepus othus
- Black-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus californicus
- White-sided Jackrabbit Lepus callotis
- European Hare Lepus europaeus (I)
- White-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus townsendi
[edit] Pikas
- Collared Pika Ochotona collaris
- American Pika Ochotona princeps
[edit] Primates
- Human Homo sapiens
- Japanese Macaque Macaca fuscata (I)
[edit] Insectivora
[edit] Moles
- Star-nosed Mole Condylura cristata
- Hairy-tailed Mole Parascalops breweri
- Eastern Mole Scalopus aquaticus
- Broad-footed Mole Scapanus latimanus
- Coast Mole Scapanus orarius
- Townsend's Mole Scapanus townsendii
- Shrew-mole Neurotrichus gibbsii
[edit] Shrews
- Northern Short-tailed Shrew Blarina brevicauda
- Southern Short-tailed Shrew Blarina carolinensis
- Elliot's Short-tailed Shrew Blarina hylophaga
- Everglades Short-tailed Shrew Blarina peninsulae
- North American Least Shrew Cryptotis parva
- Cockrum's Gray Shrew Notiosorex cockrumi
- Crawford's Gray Shrew Notiosorex crawfordi
- Long-tailed Shrew Sorex dispar
- Smoky Shrew Sorex fumeus
- Gaspé Shrew Sorex gaspensis
- American Pygmy Shrew Sorex hoyi
- Dwarf Shrew Sorex nanus
- Ornate Shrew Sorex ornatus
- Inyo Shrew Sorex tenellus
- Glacier Bay Water Shrew Sorex alaskanus
- Baird's Shrew Sorex bairdi
- Marsh Shrew Sorex bendirii
- New Mexico Shrew Sorex neomexicanus
- Pacific Shrew Sorex pacificus
- American Water Shrew Sorex palustris
- Fog Shrew Sorex sonomae
- Vagrant Shrew Sorex vagrans
- Cinereus Shrew Sorex cinereus
- Prairie Shrew Sorex haydeni
- Saint Lawrence Island Shrew Sorex jacksoni
- Southeastern Shrew Sorex longirostris
- Mount Lyell Shrew Sorex lyelli
- Preble's Shrew Sorex preblei
- Pribilof Island Shrew Sorex pribilofensis
- Barren Ground Shrew Sorex ugyunak
- Alaska Tiny Shrew Sorex yukonicus
- Arctic Shrew Sorex arcticus
- Maritime Shrew Sorex maratimensis
- Tundra Shrew Sorex tundrensis
- Arizona Shrew Sorex arizonae
- Merriam's Shrew Sorex merriami
- Trowbridge's Shrew Sorex trowbridgii
[edit] Chiroptera
[edit] Vesper bats
- Western Pipistrelle Pipistrellus hesperus
- Eastern Pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus
- Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fuscus
- Evening Bat Nycticeius humeralis
- Western Red Bat Lasiurus blossevillii
- Eastern Red Bat Lasiurus borealis
- Hoary Bat Lasiurus cinereus
- Southern Yellow Bat Lasiurus ega
- Seminole Bat Lasiurus seminolus
- Allen's Big-eared Bat Idionycteris phyllotis
- Spotted Bat Euderma maculatum
- Rafinesque's Big-eared Bat Corynorhinus rafinesquii
- Townsend's Big-eared Bat Corynorhinus townsendii
- Southwestern Myotis Myotis auriculus
- Southeastern myotis Myotis austroriparius
- California Myotis Myotis californicus
- Western Small-footed Myotis Myotis ciliolabrum
- Long-eared Myotis Myotis evotis
- Gray Myotis Myotis griseus
- Keen's Myotis Myotis keenii
- Eastern small-footed myotis Myotis leibii
- Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus
- Northern Long-eared Myotis Myotis septentrionalis
- Indiana bat Myotis sodalis
- Fringed Myotis Myotis thysanodes
- Cave Myotis Myotis velifer
- Long-legged Myotis Myotis volans
- Yuma Myotis Myotis yumanensis
- Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans
[edit] Free-tailed Bats
- Wagner's Mastiff Bat Eumops glaucinis
- Western Mastiff Bat Eumops perotis
- Underwood's Mastiff Bat Eumops underwoodi
- Pallas's Mastiff Bat Molossus molossus
- Pocketed Free-tailed Bat Nyctinomops femorosaccus
- Big Free-tailed Bat Nyctinomops macrotis
- Brazilian Free-tailed Bat Tadarida brasiliensis
[edit] Pallid Bats
Pallid Bat Antrozous pallidus
[edit] Ghost-faced Bats
Ghost-faced Bat Mormoops megalophylla
[edit] Leaf-nosed Bats
- Mexican Long-tongued Bat Choeronycteris mexicana
- Hairy-legged Vampire Bat Diphylla ecaudata (A)
- Mexican Long-nosed Bat Leptonycteris nivalis
- Southern Long-nosed Bat' Leptonycteris curasoe
- California Leaf-nosed Bat Macrotus californicus'
[edit] Myocastoridae
- Nutria Myocastor coypus (I)
[edit] Carnivores
[edit] Felidae
- Domestic cat Felis catus (I)
- Jaguarundi Puma yaguarondi
- Ocelot Leopardus pardalis
- Margay Leopardus weidii (A)
- Canadian Lynx Lynx canadensis
- Bobcat Lynx rufus
- Mountain Lion Puma concolor
- Jaguar Panthera onca (A)
[edit] Canids
- Coyote Canis latrans
- Gray Wolf Canis lupus
- Red Wolf Canis rufus
- Red fox Vulpes vulpes
- Swift Fox Vulpes velox
- Kit Fox Vulpes macrotis
- Arctic fox Alopex lagopus
- Common Gray Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus
- Island Fox Urocyon littoralis
[edit] Bears
- Brown bear, Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos
- Black Bear Ursus americanus
- Polar bear Thalarctos maritimus
[edit] Procyonidae
- Common Raccoon Procyon lotor
- White-nosed Coati Nasua narica
- Ringtail Bassariscus astutus
[edit] Weasels
- Sea Otter Enhydra lutris
- River Otter Lutra canadensis
- American Badger Taxidea taxus
- Wolverine Gulo gulo
- American marten Martes americana
- Fisher Martes pennanti
- Ermine Mustela erminea
- Long-tailed Weasel Mustela frenata
- Least weasel Mustela nivalis
- Black-footed Ferret Mustela nigripes
- Sea Mink Mustela macrodon (E)
- American mink Mustela vison
[edit] Skunks
- Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis
- Hooded Skunk Mephitis macroura
- Western Spotted Skunk Spilogale gracilis
- Eastern Spotted Skunk Spilogale putorius
- Western Hog-nosed Skunk Conepatus mesoleucus
- Eastern Hog-nosed Skunk Conepatus leuconotus
[edit] Eared Seals
- Northern Fur Seal Callorhinus ursinus
- Guadalupe Fur Seal Arctocephalus townsendi
- Steller Sea Lion Eumetopias jubatus
- California Sea Lion Zalophus californianus
[edit] Walrus
- Walrus Odobenus rosmarus
[edit] Earless Seals
- Caribbean Monk Seal Monachus tropicalis (E)
- Northern Elephant Seal Mirounga angustirostris
- Bearded seal Erignatus barbatus
- Hooded seal Cystophora cristata
- Harbor Seal Phoca vitulina
- Spotted Seal Phoca largha
- Ringed Seal Phoca hispida
- Harp Seal Phoca groenlandica
- Ribbon Seal Phoca fasciata
- Grey seal Halichoerus grypus
[edit] Sirenia
[edit] Manatees
- West Indian Manatee Trichecus manatus
- Steller's Sea Cow Hydrodamalis gigas (E)
[edit] Odd-toed ungulates
[edit] Even-toed ungulates
[edit] Peccaries and Pigs
- Collared Peccary Pecari tajacu
- Wild Boar Sus scrofa (I)
[edit] Bovids
- American bison Bison bison
- Musk Ox Ovibos moschatus
- Barbary Sheep Ammotragus lervia (I)
- Mountain Goat Oreamnos americanus
- Bighorn Sheep Ovis canadensis
- Dall Sheep Ovis dalli
[edit] Deer and Pronghorn
- Pronghorn Antilocapra americana
- Elk Cervus canadensis
- Caribou Rangifer tarandus
- Moose Alces alces
- Fallow Deer Dama dama (I)
- White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus
- Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus
[edit] Cetaceans
[edit] Baleen whales and humpback whales
- Fin whale Balaenoptera physalis
- Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus
- Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis
- Minke whale Balaenoptera acuturostrata
- Bryde's whale Balaenoptera edeni
- Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae
- Gray Whale Eschrichtius robustus
[edit] Right whales
- Atlantic Northern Right Whale Eubalaena glacialis
- Pacific Northern Right Whale Eubalaena japonica
- Bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus
[edit] Sperm Whales
- Sperm Whale Physeter catodon
- Pygmy Sperm Whale Kogia breviceps
- Atlantic Dwarf Sperm Whale Kogia ssp.
[edit] Beaked whales
- Baird's Beaked Whale Berardius bairdii
- Northern Bottlenose Whale Hyperoodon ampullatus
- Sowerby's Beaked Whale Mesoplodon bidens
- Hubbs' Beaked Whale Mesplodon carlhubbsi
- Blainville's Beaked Whale Mesoplodon densirostris
- Gervais' Beaked Whale Mesoplodon europaeus
- Ginko-toothed Beaked Whale Mesoplodon ginkgodens
- Hector's Beaked Whale 'Mesplodon hectori
- True's Beaked Whale Mesoplodon mirus
- Stejneger's Beaked Whale Mesplodon stejnegeri
- Cuvier's Beaked Whale Ziphius cavirostris
[edit] White whales
[edit] Dolphins
- Long-beaked Common Dolphin Delphinus capensis
- Short-beaked Common Dolphin Delphinus delphis
- Pygmy Killer Whale Feresa attenuata
- Long-finned Pilot Whale Globicephala melas
- Short-finned Pilot Whale Globicephala macrorhynchus
- Risso's Dolphin Grampus griseus
- Fraser's Dolphin Lagdenodelphis hosei
- Atlantic White-sided Dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus
- White-beaked Dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris
- Pacific White-sided Dolphin Lagenorhynchus obliquidens
- Northern Right Whale Dolphin Lissodelphis borealis
- Killer Whale Orcinus orca
- Melon-headed Whale Peponocephala electra
- False killer whale Pseudorca crassidens
- Pantropical Spotted Dolphin Stenella attenuata
- Clymene Dolphin Stenella clymene
- Striped Dolphin Stenella caeruleoalba
- Atlantic Spotted Dolphin Stenella fontalis
- Spinner Dolphin Stenella longirostris
- Rough-toothed Dolphin Steno bredanensis
- Common Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus
[edit] Porpoises
- Harbor Porpoise Phocoena phocoena
- Dall's Porpoise Phocoenoides dalli
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Kays, R.W., and Wilson, D.W., Mammals of North America, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-07012-1
- Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds) Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Mammals of North America
- Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
