- Roman Abraham, general of the Polish army
- Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, logician and philosopher
- Spirydion Albanski, soccer goalkeeper of Polish National Team
- Zofia Albinowska-Minkiewiczowa, painter
- Stanislaw Albinowski, economist, columnist and journalist
- Bohdan-Ihor Antonych, poet
- Szymon Askenazy, historian and politician, founder of the Lvov-Warsaw historical school
- Muhammad Asad, translator of Quran into English (born Leopold Weiss)
- Herman Auerbach, mathematician
- Emanuel Ax, American pianist
- Teodor Axentowicz, painter
- Erwin Axer, actor and theatre professor
- Oswald Balzer, law historian, rector of the Lwów University (1895-1896), founder of the Society of Support of Polish Science in Lwów (Tow. dla Popierania Nauki Pol. we Lwowie), the first scientifical organisation in the city
- Stefan Banach, mathematician
- Yuri Bashmet, viola soloist
- Kazimierz Bartel, mathematician and politician, prime minister of Poland (1926-1930)
- Adolf Beck, physiologist (1863-1939)
- Alexander Beliavsky, chess master
- Władysław Bełza, poet, author of the most popular Polish poem for children
- Józef Bem, Polish and Hungarian national hero
- Saint Józef Bilczewski, archbishop of Lwów and a Catholic saint
- Szymon Okolski (1580-1653), a historian, specialist in heraldry, prowincjał of the Dominican Order
- Fabian Birkowski, writer, preacher
- Wojciech Bobowski (1610-1675), dragoman and musician in the Ottoman Empire, translated the Bible into Ottoman Turkish
- Wojciech Bogusławski, composer
- Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, general of the Polish army, commander-in-chief of the Home Army
- Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz, general of the Polish army
- Heinrich Gottfried von Bretschneider, German satirical writer
- Martin Buber, philosopher
- Mieczysław Gębarowicz, scientist and art historian, director of the Ossolineum Institute during the World War II
- Franciszek Ksawery Godebski, director of the Ossolineum and father to Cyprian Godebski, renown sculptor
- Georgiy R. Gongadze, journalist kidnapped and murdered in 2000
- Andrei Lahush, writer
- Zygmunt Gorgolewski, architect, constructor of the Grand Theatre in Lwów (currently Opera Theatre in Lviv)
- Kazimierz Górski, football coach
- Uri Zvi Greenberg, poet
- Artur Grottger, late romanticist painter
- Bertha Kalich, actress
- Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski, general
- Stanisław Kasznica, resistance soldier
- Zygmunt Kętrzyński, historian, director of Ossolineum institute
- Wojciech Kilar, composer
- Lubka Kolessa, pianist
- Yevhen Konovalets, Ukrainian nationalist leader
- Maria Konopnicka, writer
- Juliusz Kossak, painter
- Jan Krukowiecki, general
- Solomiya Krushelnytska, opera singer
- Ivan Krypyakevych, historian
- Jacek Kuroń, freedom fighter and politician (Solidarity, KOR)
- Vilém Kurz, pianist, professor at the Lviv State Conservatory
- Wacław Kuchar, talented athlete, multiple champion of Poland in various sports
- Ilya Kutik, Russian poet
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- Kateryna Lahno, chess player
- Stanisław Lem, science fiction writer and futurist
- Stanisław Leśniewski, philosopher and logician
- Antoni Łomnicki, mathematician
- Stanisław I Leszczyński, King of Poland
- Roman Longschamps de Berier, lawyer, last rector of the Jan Kazimierz University
- Ignacy Łukasiewicz, engineer, pioneer of oil industry
- Jan Łukasiewicz, philosopher and logician
- Stanisław Maczek, Polish WW2 general, Commander Allied (Polish) 1st Armoured Division in Western Europe
- Włada Majewska, singer and actress
- Kornel Makuszyński, writer of books for children
- Alexandra Marinina, writer of detective stories
- Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, writer, author of Venus in Furs
- Kazimierz Michałowski, Egyptologist, founder of Nubiology
- Jerzy Michotek, ethnologue
- Piotr Mikolasch, pharmacist and chemician, tutor of Ignacy Łukasiewicz, founder of the world oil industry
- Ludwig von Mises, free-market economist (born in Lemberg)
- Richard von Mises, mathematician (younger brother of Ludwig, also born in Lemberg)
- Sigmund Mogulesko, Yiddish singer and actor
- Ignacy Mościcki, chemist and President of Poland (1926-1939)
- Andrzej Mostowski, mathematician
- Paul Muni, actor
- Anna Muzychuk, chess player
- Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, journalist and BDSM writer whose surname originated the term “masochism”
- Henryk Samsonowicz, historian
- Markiyan Shashkevych, poet
- Andrey Sheptytsky, head of the Ukrainian Church through both the world wars
- Roman Shukhevych, general of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
- Count Stanisław Skarbek, city's benefactor
- Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski, hetman
- Wacław Sobieski, historian
- Leopold Staff, poet
- Vasyl Stefanyk, writer
- Hugo Steinhaus, mathematician
- Stanisław Skrowaczewski, composer
- Julian Stryjkowski, writer
- Bohdan Stupka, actor
- Tadeusz Sygietyński, composer
- Moritz Szeps, journalist
- Wacław Szybalski, medical researcher
- Alex Shpaner, medical doctor, physician and surgeon
- Leonid Shpaner I, WWII captain, actor
- Leon Shpaner, economist
- Roman Viktyuk, theater director
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