List of Germanic languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Germanic languages include some 58 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects that originated in Europe; this language family is a part of the Indo-European language family. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages.

Categories

• East Germanic languages
• North Germanic languages
• West Germanic languages

List

Proto-Indo-European

• Proto-Germanic
  • West Germanic languages
    • High German languages
      • standard German
      • Central German
        • East Central German
          • Berlin Brandenburgish dialects
          • Thuringian Upper Saxon (mostly in Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony)
          • German Lusatian (in Saxony and Brandenburg)
          • Lower Silesian (mostly in Lower Silesia, in Poland)
        • West Central German
          • Luxembourgish
          • Pennsylvania German (spoken by the Amish and other groups in southeastern Pennsylvania)
      • Upper German
        • Alemannic German
        • Middle High German
          • Swabian German(mostly in Swabia, in Germany). Unlike most other Alemannic dialects, it does not retain the Middle High German monophthongs û, î but shifts them to [ou], [ei] (as opposed to Standard German [aʊ], [aɪ]). For this reason, "Swabian" is sometimes used in opposition to "Alemannic".
            • Stuttgart Swabisch
          • Low Alemannic German Retain German initial /k/ as [kʰ] (or [kx]) rather than fricativising to [x] as in High Alemannic.
            • Bodenseealemannisch (in Southern Württemberg, Southeastern Baden, Northwestern Vorarlberg)
            • Basel German(in Basel, Switzerland)
            • Alemán Coloniero (in Venezuela)
            • Alsatian
          • High Alemannic German (mostly in Switzerland, parts of Vorarlberg, and in the southern parts of the Black Forest in Germany). Complete the High German consonant shift by frecativising initial /k/ to [x])
            • Zürich German
            • Bernese German
          • Highest Alemannic German (in the Canton of Wallis, in the Walser settlements, in the Bernese Oberland and in the German-speaking part of Fribourg). Do not have the hiatus diphthongisation of other dialects of German with [ʃniːə(n)], [buːə(n)] and not [ʃneijə bouwə]
            • Bernese Oberlandish
            • Vorarlbergisch
            • Walliser German
              • Walser German
        • Austro-Bavarian German
          • Northern Austro-Bavarian also spoken in the Upper Franconian district of Wunsiedel)
            • North Bavarian
              • Nuremberg German
          • Central Austro-Bavarian
            • Western Central Austro-Bavarian
            • Eastern Central Austro-Bavarian
            • Aichach Austro-Bavarian
            • Middle Bavarian
              • Munich German
              • Viennese German
          • Southern Austro-Bavarian
            • Innsbruck German
            • Klagenfurt German
            • Bolzano German (Italy)
          • Cimbrian (or Tzimbrisch)
            • Asiago German
              • Sette Comunica
            • Luserna German
              • Tredici Comunica
            • Verona German
              • Giazza-Ljetzan German
            • Carnic Alpine-Austro-Bavarian
              • Sappada German
              • Sauris German
              • Timau German
          • Mócheno (often considered a separate language)
          • Hutterite German (aka "Tirolean")
        • Yiddish (with a significant influx of vocabulary from Hebrew and other languages, and traditionally written in the Hebrew alphabet)
          • Western Yiddish (Germany, France)
          • Eastern Yiddish
          • Northeastern Yiddish (Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Russia, northeastern Poland)
          • Central Yiddish (Poland, Galicia)
          • Southeastern Yiddish (Ukraine, Bessarabia, Romania)
      • Wymysorys (with a significant influence from Low German, Dutch, Polish and Scots)
      • Franconian languages (aka Frankish Languages)
        • Transitional High German dialects
          • East Franconian German
          • South Franconian German
        • West Central German dialects
          • Middle Franconian
            • Ripuarian Franconian
              • Hessian
              • Amana-Deutsch
              • Kölsch
              • Öcher Platt
              • Eischwiele Platt
              • Bönsch Platt
            • Luxembourgish
            • Moselle Franconian
              • Saarlandisch
              • Mainfränkisch
            • Alsatian
            • Rhine Franconian
              • Lorraine Franconian in France
              • Palatinate German
              • Westpalatine dialects
              • Pennsylvania German
              • Forepalatine dialects
              • Hesse-Nassauisch
              • Bukowinadeutsch
            • Transylvanian Saxon
              • Limburgisch (partly)
    • Low German languages
      • Low Franconian
        • Old Frankish
          • Low Frankish
          • Old Low Franconian (or Old Low Frankish)
            • Old East Low Franconian
            • Old Dutch (or Old West Low Franconian)
              • Middle Dutch
                • Brabantic(or/includes Central Flemish)
                  • North Brabantian
                  • Flemish Brabantian
                    • Belgian Flemish Brabantic
                      • Brussels Brabantic
                      • Antwerp Brabantic
                    • Walloon Brabantic
                  • West-Brabantian
                  • East-Brabantian
                  • South-Brabantian
                • Zeelandic
                • West Flemish
                  • French Flemish
                • East Flemish
                • Hollandic
                  • South Hollandic
                  • Westhoeks
                  • Waterlands
                  • Volendams
                  • Zaans
                  • Kennemerlands
                  • West Frisian
                  • Bildts
                    • Midslands
                  • Stadsfries
                  • Amelands
                  • Utrechts-Alblasserwards
                • Meuse-Rhenish (this section is confusing because indentation is broken and the topic is disputed among linguists)
                  • Low Rhenish
                    • Kleverlandish
                    • Southern Meuse-Rhenish (sometimes included as Limburgish)
                      • Bergisch(Bergish)
                        • East Bergish
                      • Limburgish
                        • Dutch Limburgish
                        • Belgian Limburgish
                        • German Limburgish
                        • Ripuarian Limburgish
                        • Noord-Limburgs
                        • Southeast Limburgish
                        • Zuidoost-Limburgs(Germany, sometimes Netherlands)
                        • Centraalnederlimburgs
                        • Centraal-Limburgs
                        • Oost-Limburgs(Germany)
                        • Ostlimburgisch(Germany)
                        • Westnederlimburgs
                        • West-Limburgs(Germany)
                      • Getelands (mainly Belgium)
                        • Oost-Getelands
                      • West-Getelands
                      • Bilzerlands(disputed)
                      • Tongerlands(disputed)
                      • Low Dietsch(disputed)
                      • Zuid-Gelders
                        • Pella Dutch
                        • South Guelderish
              • Modern Dutch
                • Afrikaans (with a significant influx of vocabulary from other languages)
      • West Low German
        • Gronings
          • Stadsgronings (city of Groningen)
          • Oldambtsters (North east Groningen)
          • Hoogelandsters (North Groningen)
          • Westerkwartiers (West Groningen)
          • Kollumerpompsters (Village of Kollumerpomp)
          • Veenkoloniaals (South east Groningen)
          • Westerwolds (East Groningen)
        • Northern Low Saxon
          • East Frisian Low Saxon
            • Standard East Frisian Low Saxon north of Leer, east of the river Ems
            • Brookmer Platt in the Brookmerland and Aurich (Auerk) area
            • Rheiderländer Platt west of the river Ems around the city of Weener
        • Westphalian language
        • Eastphalian language
      • East Low German
        • Berlinerisch (more correctly: Berlinisch)
        • Plautdietsch (Mennonite Low Saxon)
    • Anglo-Frisian
      • Old Frisian
        • Middle Frisian
        • Frisian
          • Stadsfries language
          • West Frisian language (spoken in The Netherlands)
            • West Lauwers Frisian
            • Clay Frisian (Klaaifrysk)
            • Wood Frisian (Wâldfrysk)
              • Noardhoeks
            • South Frisian (Súdhoeks)
            • Southwest Frisian (Súdwesthoeksk)
            • Schiermonnikoogs
            • Hindeloopers
            • Aasters
            • Westers
          • East Frisian language (spoken in Germany)
            • Saterland Frisian language
            • Standard East Frisian Low Saxon north of Leer, east of the river Ems;
            • Brookmer Platt in the Brookmerland and Aurich (Auerk) area; and
            • Rheiderländer Platt west of the river Ems around the city of Weener.
            • Several extinct Frisian variants
          • North Frisian language (spoken in Germany)
            • Mainland Frisian
              • Mooring (Dialect of Bökingharde)
              • Hoorning (Dialect of Goesharde)
              • Wiedingharde Frisian
              • Halligen Frisian (although it is spoken on the Halligen islands, it is linguistically grouped with the mainland dialects)
              • Karrharde Frisian
            • Island Frisian
              • Söl'ring
              • Fering (Dialect of Föhr)
              • Öömrang (Dialect of Amrum)
              • Heligolandic (Dialect of Helgoland)
              • Nordstrand
              • Pellworm
              • Rømø
      • Anglic
        • English language
          • Old English
            • Middle English (significant influx of words from Old French)
              • Early Modern English
                • Modern English
                  • British English (English English, including Northern English, Midlands English, Southern English dialects and others, Welsh English, Scottish English) and Irish English
                  • North American English (American English and Canadian English)
                  • Australian English and New Zealand English
                  • South African English
                  • South Asian English (Indian English)
                  • South-East Asian English (Singapore English, Malaysian English)
                  • West Indian English (Caribbean English)
        • Scots language
          • Early Scots^[1] (from Northern Middle English with a significant influx of words from Anglo-Norman and Norse inherited from the Danelaw)
            • Middle Scots
              • Modern Scots language (huge influx of Latinate vocabulary, mostly via Norman French, some Scanadinavian influence via Anglo-Danish)
                • Northern Scots
                  • North Northern
                  • Mid Northern
                    • North East Scots
                      • Doric aka South Northern
                • Central Scots
                  • North East
                  • South East Central
                  • West Central
                  • South West Central Scots
                • South Scots "Border Tongue"
                • Insular Scots
                • Ulster Scots aka "Ullans" (Ulster/Lallans)
        • Yola
  • North Germanic
    • Proto-Norse
      • Old Norse
        • West Scandinavian/West North Germanic
          • Norwegian(Norsk) (gen. Western branch, but heavy influence from Eastern branch)
            • Bokmål
            • Riksmål
            • Nynorsk(Landsmål)
            • Vestlandsk
              • Sørlandsk
              • South-West Norwegian
              • Bergen Norwegian/Bergensk
              • North-West Norwegian
            • Nord-Norsk
              • Helgeland Norwegian
              • Nordland Norwegian
              • Troms Norwegian
              • Finnmark Norwegian
            • East Norwegian
              • Vikvær Norwegian
              • Middle East Norwegian
              • Oppland Norwegian
              • Østerdal Norwegian
            • Midland Norwegian
              • Gudbrandsdal Norwegian
              • Valdres and Hallingdal
              • Western Telemark Norwegian
              • Eastern Telemark Norwegian
            • Trøndelag Norwegian
              • Outer Trøndelag Norwegian
              • Inner Trøndelag Norwegian
              • Namdal Norwegian
              • South-eastern Trøndersk
            • Norsk Høgnorsk
          • Icelandic
            • Old Icelanic
              • Modern Icelandic
          • Gøtudanskt(Faroese Street Danish)
          • Faroese
          • Norn (Extinct)
            • Shetland Norn (Extinct)
            • Orkney Norn (Extinct)
        • East Scandinavian/East North Germanic
          • Danish-Swedish
          • Dano-Norsk
          • Danish-Bokmal
            • Norwegian-Bokmal (sometimes categorized as East Scandinavian, but is generally West Scandinavian, See Above)
            • Danish-Riksmal
          • Danish
            • Rigsdansk/Rigsmål
              • Eastern Danish
              • Island Danish
              • Jutlandic/Jutish
                • North Jutlandic
                • East Jutlandic
                • West Jutlandic
                • Sunderjysk (Slesvig and Schleswig)
          • Swedish
            • Dalecarlian
            • Scanian
            • Old Gutnish
              • Modern Gutnish
            • Old Swedish
              • New Swedish
                • Modern Swedish
                  • Sveamål (Svealand)
                  • Norrländska mål (Norrland)
                  • Götamål (Götaland)
                  • Östsvenska mål (Finlandic Swedish)
                  • Sydsvenska mål (Blekinge, Halland, Skåne)
          • Älvdalsmål (considered a Swedish Sveamål dialect, but has official orthography and is, because of a lack of mutual intelligibility with Swedish, considered a separate language by many linguists)
  • East Germanic languages (Extinct)
    • Gothic (Extinct)
      • Crimean Gothic (Extinct)
    • Burgundian(Extinct) (heavy influence from North Germanic and West Germanic)
    • Vandalic (Extinct)
  • South Germanic/East Germanic
    • Lombardic(Langobardic) (Extinct) (formerly, Lombardic was classified as Ingaevonian (North Sea Germanic), but this classification is considered obsolete. The classification of Lombardic within the Germanic languages may be complicated by issues of orthography. According to Hutterer (1999) it is close to Old Saxon. According to Paulus Diaconus (8th century) and the Codex Gothanus (9th century), the Lombards were of Scandinavian origin ultimately, but they had settled at the Elbe before entering Italy, and Tacitus counts them among the Suebi.)

Alternate classification of contemporary North Germanic languages

• Insular Scandinavian
  • Icelandic
  • Faroese
• Continental Scandinavian
  • Danish
  • Norwegian
  • Swedish

Languages with considerable Germanic Influence

• Romansch
• Ladin
• Estonian
• Finnish
• Latvian

[edit] External link

• Germanic language tree