Lincoln Castle
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This article is about a Norman castle in Lincoln, England. Lincoln Castle is also the name of a paddle steamer which served as a ferry on the River Humber.
Lincoln Castle is a major castle constructed in Lincoln, England during the late 11th century by William the Conqueror on the site of a pre-existing Roman fortress.
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[edit] Saxon and Viking
The Roman walls formed the basis of a Saxon or Danish Burgh (ie a community of several households, enclosed either by a new defensive wall or stockade, or - as here - by surviving solid Roman walls). Following the Treaty of Wedmore, Lincoln became one of the Five Boroughs (burghs) of Danish Mercia in the Danelaw of eastern England.
[edit] William the Conqueror's Castle
When William the Conqueror defeated Harold and the English at Hastings on the 14th October 1066 he continued to face resistance to his rule in the north of England. For a number of years William's position was very insecure and in order to project his influence northwards to control the 'Danelaw' (an area traditionally under the control of Scandinavian settlers) he felt it necessary to construct a number of major castles in the north and midlands of England. It was at this time that the new King built major castles at Warwick, Nottingham and York. After gaining control of York, the Conqueror turned southwards and arrived at the Roman and Viking city of Lincoln.
When William reached Lincoln (one of the country's major settlements) he found a Viking commercial and trading center with a population of 6,000 to 8,000. The remains of the old Roman walled fortress located 60 meters (200 ft) above the countryside to the south and west, proved an ideal strategic position to construct a new castle. Also, Lincoln represented a vital strategic crossroads of the following routes (largely the same routes which influenced the siting of the Roman fort):
- The Ermine Street - a major Roman road and the Kingdom's principal north-south route connecting London and York.
- The Fosse Way - another important Roman route connecting Lincoln with the city of Leicester and the south-west of England
- The Valley of the River Trent (to the west and southwest) - a major river affording access to the River Ouse, and thus the major city of York.
- The River Witham - a waterway that afforded access to both the Rivers Trent (via the Fossdyke Roman canal at Torksey) and the North Sea via The Wash.
- The Lincolnshire Wolds - an upland area to the northeast of Lincoln, which overlooks the Lincolnshire Marsh beyond.
A castle here could guard several of the main strategic routes and form part of a network of strongholds of the Norman kingdom, in Danish Mercia, roughly the area of the country that is today referred to as the East Midlands, to control the country internally. Also (in the case of the Wolds) it could form a center from which troops could be sent to repel Scandinavian landings anywhere on the coast from the Trent to the Welland, to a large extent, by using the roads which the Romans had constructed for the same purpose.
The castle was built in the south-west corner of the upper walled town, the remainder of which was occupied by the town. The Domesday Book entry for Lincoln records that of the 1164 residences in the city, 166 were demolished to make way for the castle. Of the 1164 pre-Conquest residences, perhaps 600 will have been in the upper town. Before long, more was taken up when the cathedral and its close were placed there.
Work on the new fortification was completed in 1068. It is probable that at first a wooden keep was constructed which was later replaced with a much stronger stone one. Lincoln castle is a little unusual in having two mottes. To the south, where the Roman wall stands on the edge of a steep slope, it was retained partially as a curtain wall and partially as a revetment retaining the mottes. In the west, where the ground is more level, the Roman wall was buried within an earth rampart and extended upward to form the Norman castle wall. The Roman west gate (on the same site as the castle's westgate) was excavated in the 19th century but collapsed on exposure.
[edit] First Battle of Lincoln
The castle was the focus of attention during the First Battle of Lincoln which occurred on 2 February 1141, during the struggle between King Stephen and Empress Maud over who should be monarch in England. It was held but damaged, and a new tower, called the Lucy Tower, was built.
[edit] 1216
Lincoln Castle was again the site of a siege followed by the Second Battle of Lincoln, on 20 May 1217, during the reign of King John in the course of the First Barons' War. This was the period of political struggle which led to the signing of Magna Carta on June 15, 1215. After this, a new barbican was built onto the west and east gates.
[edit] Post-medieval
As in Norwich and other places, the castle was used as a secure site in which to establish a prison. At Lincoln, the prison Gaol was built in 1787 and extended in 1847. Imprisoned debtors were allowed some social contact but the regime for criminals was designed to be one of isolation. Consequently, the seating in the prison chapel is designed to enclose each prisoner individually so that the preacher could see everyone but each could see only him. By 1878 the system was discredited and the inmates were transferred to the new jail in the eastern outskirts of Lincoln. The prison in the castle was left without a use until the the Lincolnshire Archives were housed in its cells.
The executioner at Lincoln[citation needed] was a pioneer in the humane dispatch of convicts. He first used the long drop, designed to break the victim's neck rather than to strangle him, in 1872. Until a few years before this, prisoners had been publicly hanged on one of the mural towers of the curtain wall, overlooking the upper town.
[edit] Present day
 Eleanor Cross |
 George III |
Lincoln Castle remains one of the most impressive Norman castles in the United Kingdom. It is still possible to walk around the immense 12th century walls with its ramparts providing a magnificent view of the Castle complex, together with panoramic views of the Cathedral, the City of Lincoln and the surrounding countryside.
Another attraction is the opportunity to see one of the four surviving originals of the Magna Carta, sealed by King John after his meeting with the Barons at Runnymede in 1215, a document which is now housed within Lincoln Castle. There is also an accompanying exhibition, explaining the origin of the Magna Carta and its far reaching effects.
The grounds also contain remains of Lincoln's Eleanor cross, an oriel window moved from Sutton Hall and incorporated into the main gate, and a bust of George III of England from the Dunston Pillar [1].
Some years ago, the archives moved on and the women's wing of the prison has now been refurbished for presentation to visitors.
The castle's grounds are occasionally the site of music concerts, such as the forthcoming performance by The Hollies on 26 August 2007.
The castle is now owned by Lincolnshire County Council and is a scheduled ancient monument.
[edit] External links
- About Lincolnshire convicts
- Aerial photograph. The square Roman fortress with the castle in its south-west and the Cathedral in its south-east corner respectively, can be picked out.
