Lieven
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The Lievens are one of the oldest and noblest families of Baltic Germans. They claim descent from Caupo of Turaida, the Livonian quasi rex who converted to Christianity in 1186, when Bishop Meinhard attempted to Christianize the region. A family legend has it that Caupo in 1202 went to Avignon, where the Pope Celestine III raised him to nobility with the last name "Lieve". Caupo's grandson, Nicholas, was the first to spell his name Lieven.
Reinholdt Lieven, the Swedish governor of Oesel (Saaremaa), in 1653 was made a baron together with his brother, whose son - Baron Hans-Heinrich von Lieven - accompanied Charles XII in all his campaigns and expeditions. Among Reinholdt's descendants, one branch settled in Courland and was recognized as comital in the Holy Roman Empire. Johann-Christoph von Lieven was the first member of the family to gain distinction in the Russian service: he served as Governor of Arkhangelsk under Catherine the Great and as General of Infantry under Emperor Paul.
Baron Otto Heinrich von Lieven (1726-1781) married in 1766 Baroness Charlotte von Gaugreben (1742-1828), who was entrusted by Emperor Paul with the task of educating his daughters and younger sons - Nicholas and Mikhail Pavlovich. In recognition of her services Paul made her a countess in 1796. When her pupil Nicholas became the Emperor of Russia in 1826, the 84-year-old governess was made a Princess with the title of Her Serene Highness. The title was hereditary and passed to her descendants, of which the following were notable:
- Her son, Prince Christoph Heinrich von Lieven (1774-1838), accompanied Alexander I of Russia during the Battle of Austerlitz and at the signing of the Peace of Tilsit. In 1809 he was sent to represent Russia at the Prussian court and, at the crisis of the Napoleonic Wars in 1812, was transferred as the Minister Plenipotentiary to the court of St. James's, a post which he kept for 22 years. Somewhat overshadowed by his more illustrious wife, Dorothea von Lieven, Prince Lieven took part in the Congress of Vienna and died in Rome when he accompanied the future Alexander II of Russia on his Grand Tour.
- His elder brother, Prince Carl Christoph von Lieven (1767-1844), started his career as an aide-de-camp to Prince Potemkin, administered the garrison of Arkhangelsk under Paul and ended his career as Imperial Minister of Education (1828-33).
- Prince Alexander Karlovich Lieven (1801-1880), son of the preceding, Mayor-General, served as Governor of Taganrog in 1844-1853, and senator 1853-1880.
- Prince Andrey Alexandrovich Lieven (1839-1913), his son, was the Senator and Minister of State Properties in 1877-81.
- Prince Anatoly Pavlovich Lieven (1872-1937) commanded a Russo-German army in Latvia until the supreme command was taken over by Prince Pavel Bermondt-Avalov; Lieven refused to collaborate with the German puppet government of Andrievs Niedra and forbade his men to fight the Latvian and Estonian forces in Livonia -- these līvenieši were loyal to the Republic of Latvia, and after the Latvian War of Independence he became a Latvian citizen and a manufacturer of bricks.
