Les Baux de Provence

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Administration
Commune of Les Baux-de-Provence View of Les Baux de Provence from the castle
Country	France
Region	Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Department	Bouches-du-Rhône
Arrondissement	Arles
Canton	Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
Mayor	Gérard Jouve
Statistics
Land area¹	17 km²
Population² ()	443
Miscellaneous
INSEE/Postal code	13011/ 13520
¹ French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 mi² or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
² Population sans doubles comptes: single count of residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel).

Les Baux de Provence is a small village and commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône département in southern France, in the former province of Provence. It has a spectacular position in the Alpilles mountains, set atop a rocky outcrop crowned with a ruined castle overlooking the plains to the south. Its names refers to its site — in Provençal, a baou is a rocky spur.

1 History
2 Les Baux today
3 See also
4 External links

[edit] History

The defensive possibilities of Les Baux led to the site being settled early on in human history. Traces of habitation have been found dating back as far as 6000 BC, and the site was used by the Celts as a hill fort or oppidum around the 2nd century BC. During the Middle Ages it became the seat of a powerful feudal lordship that controlled 79 towns and villages in the vicinity. The lords of Baux sought control of Provence for many years and gained a formidable reputation. They claimed ancestry from the Magus king Balthazar and even placed the Star of Bethlehem on their coat of arms.

Despite their strengths, the lords of Baux were deposed in the 12th century. However, the great castle at Les Baux became renowned for its court, famed for a high level of ornateness, culture and chivalry. The domain was finally extinguished in the 15th century with the death of the last princess of Baux, Alice of Baux.

Les Baux was later joined, along with Provence, to the French crown under the governance of the Manville family. It became a centre for Protestantism and its unsuccessful revolt against the crown, led Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 to order that the castle and its walls should be razed.

The town was granted in 1642 to the Grimaldi family, rulers of Monaco, as a marquisiate. To this day the title of Marquis des Baux remains with the Grimaldis, although administratively the town is entirely French. The title is traditionally given to the heir to the throne of Monaco. The present Marquise des Baux is Princess Caroline of Monaco.

In 1822 the mineral bauxite was discovered near Les Baux by the geologist Pierre Berthier. It was subsequently mined extensively in the area, but by the end of the 20th century had been completely worked out; France now imports most of its bauxite from west Africa.

[edit] Les Baux today

Trebuchet at Château des Baux

Les Baux is now given over entirely to the tourist trade, relying on a reputation as one of the most picturesque villages in France. It is, nevertheless, a shadow of its former self: its present population of 22 in the old village is a fraction of its peak population of over 4,000, and many of its buildings (in particular the castle) are nothing more than picturesque ruins. The surrounding dramatic rocks and cliffs are said to have inspired Dante Alighieri in his vivid descriptions of Purgatory in the Inferno.

Visiting the castle you can also discover a demonstration of huge catapults (the biggest Trebuchet in Europe, a Couillard also called biffa and a Bricole) performing real shootings everyday from April to September.