Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau
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Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (July 3, 1676 – April 7, 1747), called "the Old Dessauer" (der alte Dessauer), general field marshal in the Prussian army, was the only surviving son of John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, and was born at Dessau. He was a minor field commander but a talented drill master who created Prussian infantry.
[edit] Biography
From his earliest youth he was devoted to the profession of arms, for which he educated himself physically and mentally. He became colonel of a Prussian regiment in 1693, and in the same year his father's death placed him at the head of his own principality; thereafter, during the whole of his long life, he performed the duties of a sovereign prince and a Prussian officer.
His first campaign was that of 1695 in the Netherlands, in which he was present at the Siege of Namur. He remained in the field to the end of the war of 1697, the affairs of the principality being managed chiefly by his mother, Princess Henriette Catherine of Orange.
In 1698 he married Anna Luise Föse (1677 - 1754), an apothecary's daughter of Dessau, in spite of his mother's long and earnest opposition, and subsequently he procured for her the rank of a princess from the emperor (1701). Their married life was long and happy, and the princess acquired an influence over the stern nature of her husband which she never ceased to exert on behalf of his subjects, and after the death of Leopold's mother she performed the duties of regent when he was absent on campaign. Often, too, she accompanied him into the field. At the end of his life, however, he had two illegitimate sons by one Sophie Eleonore Söldner (1710 - 1779), the first of whom was a great-great-grandfather of Manfred von Richthofen.
Leopold's career as a soldier in important commands begins with the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession. He had made many improvements in the Prussian army, notably the introduction of the iron ramrod about 1700, and he now took the field at the head of a Prussian corps on the Rhine, serving at the sieges of Kaiserswerth and Venlo. In the following year (1703), having obtained the rank of lieutenant-general, Leopold took part in the siege of Bonnand fought in the Battle of Hochstadt, in which the Austrians and their Prussian allies were defeated by the French under Marshal Claude-Louis-Hector de Villars (September 20,1703). In the campaign of 1704 the Prussian contingent served under Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden and subsequently under Prince Eugène of Savoy, and fought at Blenheim.
In 1705 he was sent with a Prussian corps to join Prince Eugène in Italy, and on August 6 fought at Battle of Cassano. In the Battle of Turin, he was the first to enter the hostile entrenchments (September 7, 1706). He served in one more campaign in Italy, and then wentunder Eugène to join Marlborough in the Netherlands, being present in 1709 at the siege of Tournai and the Battle of Malplaquet.
In 1710 he succeeded to the command of the whole Prussian contingent at the front, and in 1712, at the particular desire of the crown prince, Frederick William, who had served with him as a volunteer, he was made a general field marshal. Shortly before this he had executed a coup de main on the castle of Mors, which was held by the Dutch in defiance of the claims of the king of Prussia to the possession. The operation was effected with absolute precision and the castle was seized without a shot being fired. In the earlier part of the reign of Frederick William I, the prince of Dessau was one of the most influential members of the Prussian governing circle.
Although Prussian was hostile to Sweden, the Prussians were afraid to participate in the Great Northern War. Only after Russians destroyed most of the Swedish army, Prussia entered the war against Sweden (1715). Leopold accompanied the king to the front, commanded an army of 40,000 men, and defeated much smaller force of Charles XII of Sweden in a severe battle on the island of Rügen (November 16) and in conquest together with Danish army of Stralsund. In the years of peace,and especially after a court quarrel (1725) and duel with General Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow, he devoted himself to the training of the Prussian army.
The reputation it had gained in the wars of 1675 to 1715, though good, was even in 1740 accounted one of the minor armies of Europe. His outstanding achievement was a training of the Prussian infantry. The "Old Dessauer" was one of the sternest disciplinarians in an age of stern discipline, and the technical training of the infantry, under his hand, made the Prussian infantry into formidable fighting force (see War of the Austrian Succession). He was essentially an infantry soldier; in his time artillery did not decide battles, but he suffered the cavalry service, in which he felt little interest, to be comparatively neglected, with results which appeared at Battle of Mollwitz. Frederick II of Prussia formed the cavalry of Hohenfriedberg and Leuthen himself, but had it not been for the infantry trained by the "Old Dessauer" he would never have had the opportunity of doing so.
Thus Leopold, heartily supported by Frederick William, who was himself called the great drill-master of Europe, turned to good account the twenty years following the peace with Sweden. During this time two incidents in his career call for special mention: first, his intervention in the case of the crown prince Frederick, who was condemned to death for desertion, and his continued and finally successful efforts to secure Frederick's reinstatement in the Prussian army; and secondly, his part in the War of the Polish Succession on the Rhine, where he served under his old chief Eugène of Savoy and held the office of field marshal of the Empire.
With the death of Frederick William in 1740. Frederick succeeded to the Prussian throne, and a few months later took place the invasion and conquest of Silesia, the first act in the long Silesian wars and the test of the work of the "Old Dessauer's" lifetime. The prince himself was not often employed in the king's own army, though his sons held high commands under Frederick. The king, indeed, found Leopold, somewhat difficult to manage, and the prince spent most of the campaigning years up to 1745 in command of an army of observation on the Saxon frontier.
Early in that year his wife died. He was now over seventy, but his last campaign was destined to be the best of his long career. A combined effort of the Austrians and Saxons to retrieve the disasters of the summer by a winter campaign towards Berlin itself led to a hurried concentration of the Prussians. Frederick from Silesia checked the Austrian main army and hastened towards Dresden. But before he had arrived, Leopold, no longer in observation, had decided the war by his overwhelming victory over Saxons at Kesselsdorf on December 14, 1745. It was his habit to pray before battle, for he was a devout Lutheran. On this last field his words were, "O Lord God, let me not be disgraced in my old days. Or if Thou wilt not help me, do not help these scoundrels, but leave us to try it ourselves." With this great victory Leopold's career ended. He retired from active service, and the short remainder of his life was spent at Dessau.
He was succeeded by his son, Leopold II Maximilian of Anhalt-Dessau. Another of his sons Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau was a Prussian general. Most famous of his sons was Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau.
[edit] References
Varnhagen von Ense, Preussische biographische Denkmale, vol. ii. (3rd ed., 1872); Militär Konversations-Lexikon, vol. ii. (Leipzig, 1833); Anon., Fürst Leopold I. von Anhalt und seine Söhne (Dessau, 1852); G Pauli, Leben grosser Heiden, vol. vi.; von Orlich, Prinz Moritz von Anhalt-Dessau (Berlin, 1842); Crousatz, Militärische Denkwürdigkeiten des Fürsten Leopold von Anhalt-Dessau (1875); supplements to Militär Wochenblatt (1878 and 1889); Siebigk, Selbstbiographie des Fürsten Leopold von Anhalt-Dessau (Dessau, 1860 and 1876); Hosaus, Zur Biographie des Fürsten Leopold von Anhalt-Dessau (Dessau, 1876); Würdig, Des Alten Dessauers Leben und Taten (3rd ed., Dessau, 1903); Briefe König Friedrich Wilhelms I. an den Fürsten L. (Berlin, 1905).
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
