Leonhard Schiemer
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Leonhard Schiemer (c. 1500–1528-01-14) was an early pacifist Anabaptist writer and martyr whose work survives in the Ausbund.
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[edit] Background
Schiemer was born around 1500 in Vöcklabruck, where he grew up in a religious environment and trained to be a tailor. He originally wanted to become a Roman Catholic priest, but as an adolescent joined the Franciscan monastery in Judenburg. Six years later he left he monastery and arrived at Nürnberg, where he — dissapponted with monastic life — returned to tailoring.
[edit] Anabaptist encounters
Biographers disagree whether Schiemer first made contact with Anabaptists in Nürnberg. Schiemer may have made arrangements to travel to Nikolsburg in Moravia, where Balthasar Hubmaier was an important Anabaptist leader. Here he witnessed the May 1527 disputation between the Stäbler (shepherd's staff) und Schwertler (sword) Anabaptist groups. While the Stäbler under the leadership of Hans Hut held a position of absolute nonviolence, Hubmeier and the Schwertler professed that Christians were permitted defend themselves and others with the sword. It is unknown which of these positions Schiemer adopted. Some biographers think he probably adopted Hubmeiers view, because later in Vienna he was reluctant to accept Hans Hut.
[edit] Conversion
Only a few weeks after the Nikolsburg disputation Leonhard Schiemer went to Vienna. There he again met — as already mentioned — Hans Hut and the Anabaptist congregation at Kärntnerstraße. Within two days Schiemer was won over to the Anabaptist view and at the same time convinced of the pacifist beliefs of the Stäbler. He was baptized and became a member of the Vienna congregation.
Schiemer immediately began an extensive missionary endeavor. Next he worked a short time in Steyr und Salzburg, taking part in the August 1527 Augsburg Martyrs' Synod and was sent from there as a messenger to Tyrol, where he settled in Rattenberg on the Inn. He joined an existing Anabaptist congregation there, which called him to serve as bishop shortly after his arrival.
[edit] Arrest
A few weeks later Schiemer was arrested at the instigation of the Roman Catholic authorities. An Anabaptist bishop present at the interrogation reported on his activities: within six months of his baptism he preached in 28 cities, winning more than 200 converts to Anabaptism.
Schiemer used the short stay in prison (until January 1528) for composing and publishing a number of works including:
- Was die Gnade sei (What Grace Is)
- Vom Fläschl (Just as a bottle is narrow at the top and wide below, the way to heaven is narrow and difficult … but the Lord comforts those in extreme misery. Suffering is nothing other than the price of eternal life.)
- Von der Taufe im Neuen Testament (About Baptism in the New Testament).
- Ein Bekenntnis vor dem Richter zu Rotenburg (A Confession before the Judge of Rattenburg; January 1528).
Schiermer's writings where widely circulated and after his death had a significant influence on the development of Austrian and south German Anabaptism.
[edit] Teachings
Schiemer separated the outer word of God, the Bible, received through one's ear, from the inner word, the direct word of God, that only a spirit-possessed person is able to hear. The inner word leads to loving God and following Christ, while the outer word is only used to devise external rules and regulations. It makes people merely good citizens, but not devoted und sacrificial followers of Jesus.
The followers of Schiemer also the renounced private property. He was fascinated with early Christian communism and taught this as a sign of the true Christian. The Hutterites have made this ideal a principal of their community.
The central message of Schiemer's writing is on the theology of the cross and Passion mysticism of the Late Middle Ages: Christ suffered for the faithful of this world. His theology also appears in the hymns he composed, which have been passed down in the Ausbund, which is still used by descendents of the Anabaptists, the Amish.
[edit] Martyrdom
In January 1528 Leonhard Schiemer began looking for a way to escape, but failed. He was arrested again and subsequently handed over to the executioner. After extensive torture he was ultimately beheaded on 1528-01-14 in Rattenberg.
Schiemer's martyrdom was not the only in Rattenberg. Between 1528 und 1540 the Roman Catholic authorities ordered the execution of another 70 Anabaptists men and women who testified to their religious beliefs with their blood.
[edit] Significance
Leonhard Schiemer is counted — in spite of his short career — as the most important representative of the Hut Anabatists.[1] In spite of his intellectual relationship with Hut, Schiemer remained an independent thinker. He deemphasized the apocalyptic teachings of Hut, promoting the ideal community, which is prepared for suffering and sacrfice in this world and consciously renounces the use of power und force. His ideas can be found in avant-garde and modern pacifist movements.
[edit] Notes
- ^ "das die durch die Bauernkriege entstandenen revolutionär-militanten Kräfte zu einer wohl noch apokalyptischen, aber doch friedvollen, von der Welt abgesonderten Christusnachfolge führte" – Heinz, Daniel
[edit] References
- R. Friedmann u. L. Müller (Hrsg.):Quellen zur Gesch. d. Täufer: Glaubenszeugnisse oberdeutscher Taufgesinnter, Bd. 2, Gütersloh 1967
- J. Hofer, Elie, Manit (Hrsg.): Die Hutterischen Episteln 1527-1763, 1988
- J. Loserth: Der Anabaptismus in Tirol, in: Archiv f. österr. Gesch. 78, 1892, 427-604; 79, 1893, 127-276
- R. Wolkan: Die Lieder der Wiedertäufer, Berlin 1903;
- W. Wiswedel: Bilder u. Führergestalten aus dem Täufertum, Bd. 2, Kassel 1930, 174-186;
- Ders.: Zum Problem: inneres u. äußeres Wort bei den Täufern, in: Archiv zur Religionsgeschichte 46, 1955, 1-19
- R. Friedmann: Leonhard Schiemer and Hans Schlaffer: Two Tyrolean Anabaptist Martyr-Apostles of 1528, in: Mennonite Quarterly Review 33, 1959, 31-41;
- Daniel Heinz: Artikel Leonhard Schiemer, in: Bautz, Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon
