Legio III Parthica
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| Legio III Parthica | |
|---|---|
| Active | 197 to sometime in the 5th century |
| Country | Roman Empire |
| Type | Roman legion (Marian) |
| Role | Infantry assault (some cavalry support) |
| Size | Varied over unit lifetime. Approx. 3,500 fighting men + support at the time of creation. |
| Garrison/HQ | Resaena, Mesopotamia (197 - c. 4th century) Apatna, Osroene (5th century |
| Nickname | Parthica, "Parthian" (since 197) Severiana, "Severus" (under Alexander Severus) |
| Mascot | Bull |
| Battles/wars | Septimius Severus Parthian campaign (197) Caracalla Sassanid campaign (217) Alexander Severus Sassanid campaign (231) Battle of Resaena (243) Odaenathus Sassanid campaign (264) Diocletian Sassanid campaign (298) |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders |
Septimius Severus (campaign) Caracalla (campaign) Alexander Severus (campaign) Odaenathus (campaign) Diocletian (campaign) |
Legio III Parthica was a Roman legion levied by Emperor Septimius Severus in 197, for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence the cognomen Parthica. The legion was still active in the Eastern provinces in the early 5th century. The legion's symbol was probably a bull.
Contents |
[edit] Foundation
Together with its sister legions I Parthica and II Parthica, the third Parthian legion was levied for the attack on the eastern frontier. The campaign was a success and Ctesiphon, the Parthian capital, was taken and sacked. III Parthica remained in the region afterwards, garrisoning the new province of Mesopotamia. Their main base camp was Rhesaena, where they had the duty of securing the main roads and protect the province against the Sassanids.
[edit] Against the Sassanids
During the 3rd century, III Parthica took part in several other campaigns against the Sassanids; even if there are few direct proofs of its involvement, III Parthica stationed in the region and was obviously employed in the fight between the two rival empires.
A first campaign was led by Emperor Caracalla in 217.
In 230, the Sassanids invaded the region, dislodging the Third. Emperor Alexander Severus organized a successful campaign to restore the Roman rule over Mesopotamia.
Emperor Gordian III organized another campaign in 243, and the Third won the Battle of Resaena, but in the following year he died during the campaign, and the successor Emperor Philip the Arab, whose position had been confirmed by Shapur I, retired.
The Sassanids marked a major success in 256, when they defeated the XV Apollinaris and conquered its fortress, Satala, sacking Trapezus in 258. Emperor Valerian tried to recover the lost territories, but was defeated and taken prisoner (260). The Romans suggessfully challeged the Sassanid rule, first with Odaenathus (261-267), leader of a seccessionist Palmyrene Empire, and later with Emperor Diocletian (284-305), who signed a treaty of peace in 298 that marked the return of Northern Mesopotamia under Roman influence.
In the early 5th century, the legion was probably still active in the region under the Dux Osrhoenae, based in Apatna, modern Tell Fdyin, Iraq (Notitia dignitatum is corrupted, but shows that a legion is in Apatna, and the III Parthica is not mentioned anywhere else).
