Lamanite

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According to the The Book of Mormon, a Lamanite is a member of one of four main groups described in the book. The other three are the Jaredites, Mulekites, and Nephites. Those who believe in the Book of Mormon as a literal translation believe that the surviving Lamanites comprise some part, if not the primary origin, of Native Americans. Therefore, Lamanite is a term developed by the Church to identify ancestors of the American Indians who are believed to be descendents of these early Judeo-Israelite colonists.

In the Mormon faith, the Lamanites were originally called thus because they were defined as the descendants of Laman and his followers. In LDS doctrine, after the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ he appeared to the people of the New World. After the visitation of Christ to the Lamanites and Nephites, the book states that the two nations converted to his teaching. The two nations no longer identified themselves as separate groups abandoning their earlier division and becoming one people. When divisions again surfaced, those who didn't believe in Christ took on themselves the name of Lamanites. According to the Book of Mormon, the Lamanites later ended up destroying the people who took upon themselves the name of Nephites.

1 Origin of "Lamanites"
2 Theories about Lamanites
- 2.1 Modern descendants
- 2.2 "Skin of blackness"
3 References
- 3.1 Notes
4 External links

[edit] Origin of "Lamanites"

According to The Book of Mormon, the family of Lehi (a wealthy Hebrew merchant and prophet), the family of Ishmael, and Zoram traveled from the Middle East circa 600 B.C. to the Americas by boat. Some time after the death of Lehi (in the Americas), Nephi (Lehi's fourth son) overheard that his brothers were plotting to kill him, so he (Nephi) and his followers left and went into the wilderness. The followers of Nephi called themselves Nephites. The followers of Laman (Lehi's oldest son) were called Lamanites.^[1]

The Nephites later discovered another civilization living in America and the combined group also called themselves Nephites. According to the Book of Mormon there were many interactions between the Lamanites and the Nephites; intermittent war, trade, and proselytizing transpired with varying degrees of success. God initially marked the Lamanites with a darker skin color to identify them and their state of wickedness. The Nephites were initially righteous and a civilization without social class. As pride corroded the Nephites, individuals and sub-groups defected and joined the Lamanites. Likewise, penitent Lamanites often defected to the Nephites. The mark remained a characteristic of Lamanite membership.

Following the American visitation of the resurrected Jesus Christ the Lamanites and Nephites coexisted for two centuries in peace (from circa AD 30 until 230); "There were no robbers, nor murderers, neither were there Lamanites, nor any manner of -ites; but they were in one, the children of Christ, and heirs to the kingdom of God."^[2] Eighty-four years after the coming of Christ, "a small part of the people who had revolted from the church" started calling themselves Lamanites.^[3] After four generations this period of peace and cooperation between the two suffered corruption and decline as social and economic classes resurfaced. In the year 231, "[the] true believers in Christ" started calling themselves Nephites.^[4] The Lamanites became a larger portion of the population until, some time after AD 400, the Nephite people were destroyed in a series of large wars with the Lamanites.^[5]

[edit] Theories about Lamanites

[edit] Modern descendants

Many Mormons believe that the Lamanites comprise some part, if not the primary origin, of Native Americans. Officially, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ("LDS Church"; see also Mormon) appears to accept this position, although the church has stated its view that "[n]othing in the Book of Mormon precludes migration into the Americas by peoples of Asiatic origin."^[6] The introduction to the Latter-day Saint (LDS) edition of The Book of Mormon states, "[T]he Lamanites are the principal ancestors of the American Indians."^[7] Many Latter Day Saints consider Polynesian peoples to be Lamanites as well.^[8]

However, this position is controversial. Based on genetic and archeological data, mainstream scientists have concluded that Native Americans are descended from the prehistoric inhabitants of East Asia. For this and other reasons, a few Mormon scholars view Lamanites as (1) one small tribe among many in the ancient Americas, the remainder of whom were not discussed in The Book of Mormon, or (2) a tribe that intermarried with indigenous Native American cultures.^[9]

[edit] "Skin of blackness"

In the Book of Mormon, Lamanites are described as having a "skin of blackness" caused by God as a sign of their wickedness and corruption of that generation. As punishment, the Priesthood was taken from their people, and they were cut off from the glory of God:

"And he had caused the cursing to come upon [the Lamanites], yea, even a sore cursing, because of their iniquity. For behold, they had hardened their hearts against him, and they had become like unto a flint; wherefore, as they were white, and exceedingly fair and delightsome, that they might not be enticing unto my people the Lord God did cause a skin of blackness to come upon them." (2 Nephi 5:21).

but the Book of Mormon never actually countenanced any form of curse-based discrimination. It stated that the Lord "denieth none that come unto him, black and white, bond and free, male and female; and he remembereth the heathen; and all are alike unto God, both Jew and Gentile". (2 Nephi 26:33). In fact, prejudice against people of dark skin was condemned:

O my brethren, I fear that unless ye shall repent of your sins that their skins will be whiter than yours, when ye shall be brought with them before the throne of God. Wherefore, a commandment I give unto you, which is the word of God, that ye revile no more against them because of the darkness of their skins; neither shall ye revile against them because of their filthiness..." (Jacob 3:8-9).

Several Book of Mormon passages have been interpreted by some Latter-day Saints as indicating that Lamanites would revert to a lighter skin tone upon accepting the gospel. For example, early editions of The Book of Mormon contained the passage: "[T]heir scales of darkness shall begin to fall from their eyes; and many generations shall not pass away among them, save they shall be a white and a delightsome people" (2 Nephi 30:6). As early as 1840, with the Third Edition of the Book of Mormon, the word "white" was changed to "pure" by Joseph Smith, Jr. to more closely reflect the original intent of the Nephite authors.

Statement of Gordon B. Hinckley concerning racism: "I remind you that no man who makes disparaging remarks concerning those of another race can consider himself a true disciple of Christ. Nor can he consider himself to be in harmony with the teachings of the Church of Christ.Let us all recognize that each of us is a son or daughter of our Father in Heaven, who loves all of His children."^[10]