Lake Maninjau
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| Maninjau | |
|---|---|
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| Location | West Sumatra, Indonesia |
| Coordinates | |
| Lake type | Caldera lake |
| Primary outflows | Antokan River |
| Max length | 16 km |
| Max width | 7 km |
| Surface area | 99.5 km² |
| Average depth | 105 m |
| Max depth | 165 m |
| Water volume | 10.4 km³ |
| Shore length1 | 52.68 km |
| Surface elevation | 459 m |
| 1 Shore length is an imprecise measure which may not be standardized for this article. | |
Lake Maninjau (Indonesian: Danau Maninjau, Meninjau means Overlook or Observation ) is a caldera lake in West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located 16 km to the west of Bukittinggi, at .
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[edit] Formation
The Maninjau caldera was formed by a volcanic eruption estimated to have occurred around 52,000 years ago.[1] Deposits from the eruption have been found in a radial distribution around Maninjau extending up to 50 km to the east, 75 km to the southeast, and west to the present coastline. The deposits are estimated to be distributed over 8500 km² and have a volume of 220–250 km³.[2] The caldera has a length of 20 km and a width of 8 km.[1]
[edit] The lake
Lake Maninjau has an area of 99.5 km², being approximately 16 km long and 7 km wide. The average depth is 105 m, with a maximum depth of 165 m. The natural outlet for excess water is the Antokan river, located on the west side of the lake. It is the only lake in Sumatra which has a natural outlet to the west coast. Since 1983 this water has been used to generate hydroelectric power for West Sumatra.
Most of the people who live around Lake Maninjau are ethnically Minangkabau. Villages on the shores of the lake include Maninjau and Bayur.
Maninjau is a notable tourist destination in the region due to its scenic beauty and mild climate. It is also used as a site for paragliding.
[edit] Local agriculture
The lake is used for aquaculture, using karamba floating net cages. The technique was introduced in 1992, and by 1997 there were over 2,000 cage units with over 600 households engaged. Each cage may have 3-4 production cycles each year. There is evidence of pollution around some karamba area.
On the edge of the lake, the landuse includes rice fields in the swamps and the lower slopes. The villages are bordered uphill by a large belt of forestlike tree gardens, which dissolves into the upper montane forest on the steepest parts of the slopes up to the ridge of the caldera.[3]
The tree gardens include three typical components:[3]
- Fruit trees including durian, jack fruit, cempedak, rambutan, langsat, golden berries and water apples.
- Timber species including Toona sinensis and Pterospermum javanicum.
- Spice trees including cinnamon, coffee, nutmeg and cardamum.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b Alloway, Brent V.; Agung Pribadi, John A. Westgate, Michael Bird, L. Keith Fifield, Alan Hogg, Ian Smith (30 October 2004). "Correspondence between glass-FT and 14C ages of silicic pyroclastic flow deposits sourced from Maninjau caldera, west-central Sumatra". Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 227 (Issues 1-2): Pages 121-133. DOI:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.014.
- ^ Purbo-Hadiwidjoyo, M.M.; M.L. Sjachrudin, S. Suparka (1979). "The volcano–tectonic history of the Maninjau caldera, western Sumatra, Indonesia". Geol. Mijnb (58): Pages 193-200.
- ^ a b Michon, Genevieve (2005). Domesticating forests: how farmers manage forest resources. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). ISBN 979-3361-65-4.
