Lactational Amenorrhea Method

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lactational Amenorrhea Method
Background
B.C. type	Natural
First use	Ancient Ecological method 1971
Failure rates (per six months)
Perfect use	0.5%
Typical use	2%
Usage
Reversibility	14 months (range 2-42)
User reminders	Adherence to protocols
Clinic review	None
Advantages
Weight loss	Yes
Benefits	No external drugs or clinic visits required
Disadvantages
STD protection	No

Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) is a method of avoiding pregnancies which is based on the natural postpartum infertility that occurs when a woman is amenorrheic and fully breastfeeding. If not combined with chemicals or devices, LAM may be considered natural birth control or natural family planning.

1 Breastfeeding Infertility
2 Return of Fertility
3 Further reading
4 Footnotes

[edit] Breastfeeding Infertility

For women who meet the criteria (listed below), LAM is 98% effective during the first six months postpartum.^[1]

Breastfeeding must be the infant’s only (or almost only) source of nutrition. Feeding formula, pumping instead of nursing,^[2] and feeding solids all reduce the effectiveness of LAM.
The infant must breastfeed at least every four hours during the day and at least every six hours at night.
The infant must be less than six months old.
The woman must not have had a period after 56 days post-partum (when determining fertility, bleeding prior to 56 days post-partum can be ignored).

Ecological breastfeeding is a stricter form of LAM developed by Sheila Kippley and the Couple to Couple League International. Their studies have shown it has a 1% failure rate in the first six months postpartum, and a 6% failure rate before the woman’s first postpartum menstruation.^[3]^[4] The Seven Standards of ecological breastfeeding are slightly different from the LAM criteria:

Breastfeeding must be the infant’s only source of nutrition – no formula, no pumping, and (if the infant is less than six months old) no solids.
The infant must be pacified at the breast, not with pacifiers or bottles
The infant must be breastfed often. The standards for LAM are a bare minimum; more frequency is better. Scheduling of feedings should be avoided.
Mothers must sleep with their infants – in the same room, if not in the same bed.
Mothers must not be separated from their infants for more than three hours a day.
Mothers must take daily naps with their infants.
The woman must not have had a period after 56 days post-partum (bleeding prior to 56 days post-partum can be ignored).

[edit] Return of Fertility

Return of menstruation following childbirth varies widely between individuals. The closer a woman's behavior is to the Seven Standards of ecological breastfeeding, the later (on average) her cycles will return. Average return of menses for women following all seven criteria is 14 months, with some reports as soon as 2 months and others as late as 42 months.

Although the first post-partum cycle is sometimes annovulatory (this reduces the likelihood of becoming pregnant again before having a post-partum period), subsequent cycles are almost always ovulatory and therefore must be considered fertile. However, some women find that breastfeeding interferes with fertility even after ovulation has resumed. Luteal phases too short to sustain pregnancy are a common example.

Couples who desire spacing of 18 to 30 months between children can often achieve this through breastfeeding alone.

[edit] Further reading

Kippley, Sheila. Breastfeeding and Natural Child Spacing: How Ecological Breastfeeding Spaces Babies. Cincinnati: Couple to Couple League International, 1999. ISBN 0-926412-20-5

[edit] Footnotes

^ Comparison of Effectiveness. Planned Parenthood (April 2005). Retrieved on 2006-08-12., which cites:

Hatcher, RA; Trussel J, Stewart F, et al (2000). Contraceptive Technology, 18th Edition, New York: Ardent Media. ISBN 0-9664902-6-6.
^ ReproLine The Reading Room. Lactational Amenorrhea Method, which cites:

Zinaman M, Hughes V, Queenan J, Labbok M, Albertson B (1992). "Acute prolactin and oxytocin responses and milk yield to infant suckling and artificial methods of expression in lactating women.". Pediatrics 89 (3): 437-40. PMID 1741218.
^ Sheila K. and John F. Kippley (November-December 1972). "The relation between breastfeeding and amenorrhea". Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing 1 (4): 15-21. PMID 4485271.
^ Sheila Kippley (November-December 1986 and January-February 1987). "Breastfeeding survey results similar to 1971 study". The CCL News 13 (3): 10. and 13(4): 5.

Birth control edit
Sterilization:	Tubal ligation, Vasectomy, Essure
Post-intercourse:	Abortion: Surgical, Medical Emergency contraception
Intra-uterine:	IUD, IUS (progestogen)
Anti-estrogen:	Ormeloxifene (a.k.a. Centchroman)
Hormonal:	Combined: COCP ('the Pill'), Patch, Nuvaring Progestogen only: POP mini-pill, Depo Provera, Norplant, Implanon
Barrier:	Male condom,Female condom, Diaphragm, Shield, Cap, Sponge, Spermicide
Behavioral:	Coitus interruptus, Rhythm Method, Lactational, Fertility awareness Avoiding vaginal intercourse: Anal sex, Oral sex, Outercourse, Masturbation, Abstinence