Lü Clan Disturbance
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The Lü Clan Disturbance (Traditional Chinese: 呂氏之亂) (180 BC) refers to a political disturbance after the death of Grand Empress Dowager Lü of Han Dynasty, the aftermaths of which saw the clan of the deceased empress' family, the Lü consort clan being overthrown from their seats of power and massacred, the deposing of the puppet Emperor Houshao, and the ascension to the throne by Emperor Wen. Sometimes the term also encompasses to the total domination of the political scene by Grand Empress Dowager Lü and her clan after the death of her son Emperor Hui (188 BC) in an extent even greater than during his reign, and this article will discuss events during that period as well. (The term "the Lü Clan Disturbance" itself is a non-neutral one, used by the officials who overthrew them and historians who supported their political theories, but is used here not to cast any judgment on the Lüs, but because it is commonly used.)
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[edit] Emperor Hui's death and total domination of the political scene by Grand Empress Dowager Lü
When Emperor Hui died in autumn 188 BC, his son (but this parentage is disputed) Liu Gong ascended to the throne as Emperor Qianshao. However, there was not even any pretention that he was the one in charge; Emperor Hui's mother Empress Dowager Lü (now Grand Empress Dowager Lü) was the one who publicly and actually controlled the political power.
In winter 188 BC, Grand Empress Dowager Lü wanted to make her brothers princes, against her husband Liu Bang (Emperor Gao)'s rule that only members of the imperial Liu clan may be made princes -- a rule that she herself had a hand in creating. This was opposed by the right prime minister Wang Ling (王陵) but accepted by the left prime minister Chen Ping (陳平) and the commander in chief of the armed forces Zhou Bo (周勃). When Wang rebuked Chen and Zhou in private for going against Emperor Gao's rule, they rationalized that their compliance with the grand empress dowager was necessary to protect the empire and the Lius. Grand Empress Dowager Lü then promoted Wang to the honorary position of the emperor's teacher (太傅, taifu); Wang declined and claimed illness. Lü then removed him from the position and had him (as the Marquess of Anguo) returned to his march (in modern Baoding, Hebei) and promoted Chen to right prime minister ("right" being the more honored direction) and her lover Shen Yiji (審食其), the Marquess of Piyang, to left prime minister.
Grand Empress Dowager Lü would then go ahead and carry out her plan to make members of her clan princes. In summer 187 BC, when her daughter Princess Luyuan died, she created the princess' son, Zhang Yan (張偃), the Prince of Lu. (Princess Luyuan's husband and Zhang Yan's father, Zhang Ao (張敖), had, during Emperor Gao's reign, been the Prince of Zhao, but was removed as part of the policy against non-Liu princes, so Grand Empress Dowager Lü might have felt that making Zhang Yan a prince would be considered to be more justified; when Zhang Ao died in 182 BC, he was posthumously honored as a prince.) A month later, she required the officials to formally petition her to make her nephew Lü Tai (呂台) the Prince of Lü -- carving the principality out from the Principality of Qi. She also, in 184 BC, in the unprecedented and subsequently rare action of creating a female with a march, created her younger sister Lü Xu (呂須) the Marchioness of Lingguang. In spring 181 BC, Lü Tai's son Lü Chan (呂產), who had become the Prince of Lü after his father's death, was given the larger Principality of Liang, but did not go to his principality but stayed in the capital Chang'an to serve as the emperor's teacher and assistant to Grand Empress Dowager Lü. Later that year, the grand empress dowager created her nephew Lü Lu (呂祿) as the Prince of Zhao and another son of Lü Tai's, Lü Tong (呂通) the Prince of Yan.
[edit] The death of Grand Empress Dowager Lü
In summer 180 BC, Grand Empress Dowager Lü died. Immediately before her death, she put Lü Lu and Lü Chan in charge of the imperial guards -- Lü Lu in charge of the stronger northern division and Lü Chan in charge of the weaker southern division -- and also the government. After her death, it was alleged that the Lü clan made a plan to overthrow the Han Dynasty and assume imperial power themselves. Purportedly, this plan was leaked to Liu Zhang (劉章), the Marquess of Zhuxu and grandson of Emperor Gao through his oldest son Liu Fei (劉肥), who had married a daughter of Lü Lu's and who learned of the plan from his wife. Liu Zhang then planned a rebellion with his younger brother Liu Xingju (劉興居), the Marquess of Dongmou, and their older brother Liu Xiang (劉襄), the Prince of Qi. Under their plan, Liu Xiang would lead Qi forces from the principality (modern Shandong) against the capital, while Liu Zhang and Liu Xingju would persuade the imperial guards to rise against the Lüs. If they were successful, they planned to have Liu Xiang declared emperor.
[edit] The coup d'etat against the Lüs and their total destruction
That would not be how the plan actually went, however. In autumn 180 BC, Liu Xiang did indeed start a military campaign with his own forces and also seized the forces of the nearby Principality of Langye. Lü Chan sent Guan Ying (灌嬰), the Marquess of Yingyin, against Qi forces, but Guan, unwilling to fight the Qi forces (because he actually distrusted the Lüs more than Qi), managed to negotiate a secret armistice with Liu Xiang, and both armies halted some distance apart from each other.
Allegedly, at this time, the Lüs were ready to take over the imperial dynasty, but did not do so because they were concerned of reactions by Zhou Bo, Liu Zhang, and the Principalities of Qi and Chu. While the crisis was forming in Xi'an, so was a new conspiracy, involving these key players:
- Liu Zhang
- Liu Xingju
- Zhou Bo (who, despite his title as commander of the armed forces, did not actually have control of the armed forces in the capital)
- Chen Ping (who, also despite his title as prime minister, did not have actual control of the government machinery)
- Guan Ying
- Cao Qu (曹窟), the Marquess of Pingyang and son of Cao Can (曹參), a late prime minister
- Li Ji (酈寄), the son of Li Shang (酈商), the Marquess of Quzhou and the best friend of Lü Lu -- purportedly, Zhou and Chen forced his cooperation by kidnapping his father, but this is disputed
- Ji Tong (紀通), the Marquess of Xiangping
- LIu Jie (劉揭), the minister of vassal affairs
The conspirators first tried to get the Lüs to give up power voluntarily, by having Li Ji persuade Lü Lu that the best course of action for him and Lü Chan is to return to their principalities and turn over power to Zhou and Chen. Lü Lu agreed, but was unable to reach a consensus with the Lü clan elders.
The conspirators then took drastic actions. Ji issued a forged imperial edict, ordering the northern division of the imperial guards to be turned over to Zhou. When the edict arrived at the northern division's camp, Li and Liu Jie persuaded Lü Lu that the edict was genuine and that he should obey it, and he did so. Zhou then, after requiring the guards to affirm their loyalty to the imperial Liu clan, took over the northern division.
The conspirators then took action against Lü Chan, who had not known of this turn in events. While Lü Chan was trying to enter the imperial palace (alleged by the conspirators later to be preparing for the takeover) Liu Zhang and Cao had the gates of the palace controlled and had Lü Chan and his guards trapped in the courtyard. Zhou sent some soldiers to Liu Zhang, who fought with Lü's guards and killed him in battle. Over the next few days, the Lü clan was slaughtered to the last person.
[edit] Emperor Wen's ascension to the throne
The political propaganda of the conspirators was to protect Emperor Houshao against the Lü conspiracy, but once the Lüs were slaughtered, they alleged that neither the emperor nor his brothers was in fact Emperor Hui's son -- that Empress Zhang Yan, Emperor Hui's wife, had stolen and adopted them at Empress Dowager Lü's instigation. They also admitted that they were concerned of reprisals when Emperor Houshao and his brothers would grow up. They then resolved on deposing Emperor Houshao and inviting an imperial prince, not from Emperor Hui's line, to be the new emperor.
The question is, obviously, which prince to invite. Some suggested that Liu Xiang, being the oldest grandson of Emperor Gao and the son of Emperor Gao's oldest son, was the obvious selection. However, most of the important officials disagreed -- they were concerned that Liu Xiang's uncle Si Jun (駟均) was a dominating figure and that, if Liu Xiang were to become emperor, they would have a repeat of the Lü clan situation. They believed that Emperor Gao's oldest surviving son, 23-year-old Prince Liu Heng of Dai, was the better choice, because he was known to be filial and tolerant, and because his mother Consort Bo (薄姬)'s family was known to be careful and kind. They then secretly sent messengers to Prince Heng, inviting him to be the new emperor.
Prince Heng's advisors were mostly suspicious. They, apparently feeling that the massacre of the Lü clan was without cause, were concerned that the officials in fact had intended on making Prince Heng a puppet and were ready to take over themselves. However, one of those advisors, Song Chang (宋昌), had a different opinion. He believed that the people were supportive of the Han Dynasty and would not tolerate a takeover; and that given that there were many other principalities outside the capital, that the officials, even if they had wanted, would be unable to usurp imperial power. Still hesitant, Prince Heng sent his uncle Bo Zhao (薄昭) to Xi'an to meet with Zhou, who guaranteed that the officials were sincere. Bo believed them and urged Prince Heng to accept the offer.
Prince Heng then headed to Chang'an. During an evening ceremony at the Dai mission in the capital, the officials, led by Chen, offered the throne to Prince Heng, and he accepted, formally ascending the throne after declining four times, as Emperor Wen. That same night, Liu Xingju evicted Emperor Houshao from the imperial palace, and the officials welcomed Emperor Wen to the palace with great pomp.
[edit] Impact on history
Regardless of whether one believes that the Lü clan were actually planning a takeover -- and while traditionally, the historians believed so, modern historians have begun to doubt that more and more -- the Lü Clan Disturbance had fortunate aftereffects on the Han Dynasty. It was affirmed that the power would rest with the emperor. Further, and more importantly, Emperor Wen became an effective, thrifty, hard-working and benevolent ruler, and the reigns of Emperor Wen and his son Emperor Jing were generally regarded as one of the golden ages of Chinese history. What happened to the Lü clan was also often used throughout Chinese history as a warning to the families of empresses not to assume too much power, and to the emperors not to allow them to do so.
