Lê Lợi
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Lê Lợi (黎俐; 1384 or 1385? - 1433). Emperor of Vietnam and founder of the Le Dynasty. Le Loi is among the most famous figures from the medieval period of Vietnamese history and one of its greatest heroes.
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[edit] Background, A Time of Trouble
Le Loi was the youngest of three sons. His father was an aristocratic nobleman in Lam Son (northern-Vietnam). The town was in a newly colonized area of Vietnam (it would eventually be called Thanh Hoa Province. Lam Son had been established by Le Loi's great-grandfather sometime in the 1330s. His exact date of birth is not certain but is 1384 generally agreed by historians. Lam Son was on the frontier of Vietnam, and as a result it was the farthest from government's control and the most free.
This was a troubled time for Vietnam as the Ho Dynasty in 1400, finally displaced the Tran Dynasty and set about reforming the Vietnamese government. The Ho rule was short lived as members of the Tran appealed for help from the powerful Ming Emperor Yongle (永樂 Vĩnh Lạc). He responded by sending a large army south into the country which defeated the Ho. However, rather than restoring the Tran to power, the Ming choose to re-establish rule over Vietnam as they had in the days of the Tang empire, some 500 years previously.
The Ming had some support from the Vietnamese, at least in the capital of Hanoi but their efforts to assert control in the surrounding countryside was met with resistance. The Vietnamese claim that the Ming stole many valuable treasures from Vietnam such as gems, jade, golden pieces of art as well as books. Le Loi himself said that he chose the path of revolt against the Chinese when he personally witnessed the destruction of a Vietnamese village by a Ming military force.
[edit] The Revolt (1418-1427)
Le Loi began his campaign against the Ming on the day after Tet (New Year) February 1418. He was supported by several prominent families from his native Thanh Hoa province, most famously were the Trinh and the Nguyen families. Initially Le Loi campaigned on the basis of restoration of the Tran to power. A relative of the Tran Dynasty emperor was the figurehead of the revolt but within a few years, the Tran pretender was removed and the unquestioned leader of the revolt was Le Loi himself, under the name "Pacifying King" (Binh Dinh Vuong).
Initially the revolt was not always successful. While Le Loi was able to operate in Thanh Hoa Province, he was, for 2-3 years, unable to muster the military forces required to defeat the Ming army in battle. As a result he waged a type of guerilla war against the large and well organized Chinese army.
In 1421, one famous story from this time is about the heroism of one of Le Loi's commanders, Le Lai. One time during the early years of the revolt, the Chinese had Le Loi's army surrounded on a mountaintop. In an effort to break the siege, Le Lai devised a plan that would allow Le Loi and the main bulk of the force to escape. He pretended to be Le Loi to divert the Ming army's attention by dressing himself in Le Loi's attire and lead a kamikaze-like cavalry charge down to attack the Ming. Le Lai fought bravely but was captured and executed. During the battle, Le Loi and the rest of the main contingency were able to escape. (Le Lai Story).
By 1425, the revolt had spread throughout Vietnam and the original Ming army of occupation had been ground down and destroyed. The new Ming Emperor, Xuande wished to end the war with Vietnam, but his advisors urged one more effort to subdue the rebellious province. The result was a very large army (some 100,000 strong) was sent into Vietnam. While the Chinese thought this should be enough, Le Loi's army by this point was huge, about 350,000 men.
The final campaign did not start out well for the Chinese. Le Loi's forces met the Ming army in battle but quickly staged a mock retreat. The Chinese general, Liu Shan, urging his troops on, was cut off from the main part of his army and he was captured and executed by the Vietnamese. Then, by sending false messages of dissention within the ranks of Le Loi's own generals, the Chinese army was lured into Hanoi where it was surrounded and destroyed in a series of battles. All told the Chinese army lost over 70,000 men.
[edit] Emperor Le Thai To
In 1427, after 10 years of war, Vietnam regained its independence and China officially acknowledged Vietnam as an independent state. Le Loi took the throne under the name Lê Thái Tổ (黎太祖) and was declared Emperor of Dai Viet (大越) (though King is a more accurate term for the ruler of Vietnam). He formally established the Le Dynasty as the Ming Xuande Emperor officially recognized Le Loi as the new ruler of Vietnam. In return, Le Loi sent diplomatic messages to the Ming Court, promising Vietnam's loyalty as a vassal state of China and cooperation. The Ming accepted this arrangement, much as they accepted the vassel status of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty. The Chinese largely left Vietnam alone for the next 500 years, intervening only about once every hundred years.
Le Loi embarked on a significant reorganization of Vietnamese government, clearly based on the Confucian system of government which was developed by the Tang Dynasty and Sung Dynasty. He also elevated his long time comrades and generals such as Nguyen Trai, Tran Nguyen Han, Le Sat, Pham Van Sao, and Trinh Kha to high official rank.
The Le government rebuilt the infrastructure of Vietnam: roads, bridges, canals. Land distribution were rewarded to soldiers that contributed in the war against the Ming. New money currency was minted and new laws and reforms were passed. The system of selecting government administrators by examination was restored and exams were held at regular intervals throughout Le Loi's reign.
From 1430 to 1432 Le Loi and his army fought a set of campaigns in the hills to the west of the coastal area. Then in 1433 he became sick and his health declined. On his death bed he appointed Le Sat as the regent for his second son, who would rule after him as Le Thai Tong.
Internal palace politics quickly decimated the ranks of Le Loi's trusted councilors, Tran Nguyen Han and Pham Van Sao were executed in 1432 and Le Sat, who ruled as regent for five years, was executed in 1438. Nguyen Trai was killed in 1442 (it was claimed he was linked to the death of Le Thai Tong). Only Trinh Kha survived to an old age and even he was executed in 1451.
[edit] Le Loi - Myth and Legend
Many legends and stories were told about Le Loi. The most famous story concerns his magical sword. Much like King Arthur and his sword Excalibur, Le Loi was said to have a magic sword of wonderous power. One story tells that he obtained the sword, inscribed with the words 'The Will of Heaven' (Thuan Thien) from a Golden Turtle (Kim Qui 金龜) a demi-god to the local people. The stories claim Le Loi grew very tall when he used the sword and it gave him the strength of many men. Other stories say that the sword blade and the sword hilt came together from different places, the blade fished out of a lake, the hilt found by Le Loi himself.
The stories largely agree on what happened to the sword: One day, not long after the Chinese had accepted Vietnam as independent, Le Loi was out boating on a lake in Hanoi. Suddenly a large turtle surfaced, took the sword from Le Loi's belt, and dived back into the depths. Efforts were made to find both the sword and the turtle but without success. Le Loi then acknowledged the sword had gone back to the Golden Turtle and caused the lake to be renamed 'The Lake of the Returned Sword' (Ho Hoan Kiem) located in present-day Hanoi.
Countless poems and songs were written about Le Loi, both during his life time and in later years. Le Loi is looked upon as the perfect embodiment of the just, wise, and capable leader. All future Vietnamese kings were measured against the standard of Le Loi and most were found wanting.
Every town in Vietnam has one of the major streets named after Le Loi, but in Hanoi the name is Le Thai To Street.
[edit] Sources
Very little in English has been written about Le Loi. The most detailed source is the doctoral thesis of John K. Whitmore "The Development of the Le Government in Fifteenth Century Vietnam" (Cornell University, 1968). The thesis is mostly concerned with the structure and make-up of the Le government from 1427 to 1471.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
| Preceded by Ho Dynasty |
King of Vietnam 1428-1433 |
Succeeded by Le Thai Tong |
