Kyrill (storm)

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Kyrill
Kyrill as of January 18, 2007, at 12:30 UTC.
Data
Formed:	15 January 2007
Dissipated:	Unknown
Highest winds:	225 km/h (140 mph) Aletsch glacier, Switzerland^[1]
Lowest pressure:	< 964.2 hPa^[2] (28.47 inHg)
Countries affected
Austria	Belgium	Czech Republic
Denmark	Estonia	France
Germany	Hungary	Ireland
Latvia	Liechtenstein	Lithuania
Luxembourg	Netherlands	Norway
Poland	Romania	Russia
Slovenia	Sweden	Switzerland
Slovakia	Ukraine	United Kingdom
Effects
Fatalities:	at least 44^[3]
Damages:	At least € 1bn^[1]

Kyrill (IPA: ['kɪrɪl]) is the name given to a low pressure area that evolved into an unusually violent European windstorm, forming an extratropical cyclone with hurricane-strength winds. It formed over Newfoundland on 15 January 2007 and moved across the Atlantic Ocean reaching Ireland and Great Britain by the evening of 17 January. The storm then crossed the North Sea on 17 and 18 January, making landfall on the German and Dutch coasts on the afternoon of 18 January, before moving eastwards toward Poland and the Baltic Sea on the night from January 18 to January 19 and further on to northern Russia.

Kyrill caused widespread damage across Western Europe, especially in the United Kingdom and Germany. 47 fatalities have been reported as of January 19 as well as extensive disruptions of public transport, power outages to over one hundred thousand homes, severe damages to public and private buildings and major forest damage through windthrow.

The storm was named "Kyrill" on January 17, 2007 by the Free University of Berlin's meteoreological institute.^[4] The storm was named after a Bulgarian man living near Berlin, whose family donated to the university's "Adopt-A-Vortex"^[5] programme.^[6]

[edit] Abstract

A European windstorm is a severe cyclonic storm that moves across the North Atlantic towards northwestern Europe in the winter months. These storms usually move over the north coast of the United Kingdom, towards Norway but can veer south to affect other countries including Ireland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Poland. As these storms can generate hurricane-force winds (and sometimes even winds at the strength of major hurricanes), they are sometimes referred to as hurricanes, even though few originate as tropical cyclones.

These storms rank as the second highest cause of global natural catastrophe insurance loss (after U.S. hurricanes).

Kyrill was unusual in that its field of hurricane-force winds was very broad, affecting large areas of Germany as well as neighbouring countries at one time. Kyrill brought wind gusts of up to 130 km/h (80 mph) even in the North German plains. German weather experts have described the storm as a "once in a decade" event.

The last storm to affect Germany on a similar scale was Lothar, which hit in 1999.

[edit] Events

After making landfall in Ireland and the UK in the late hours of January 17, the storm swept across Ireland and Great Britain on the night of 17 to 18 January, with winds of 160km/h (99 mph) at The Needles, 149km/hr (93 mph) recorded in Dublin, 130 km/h (81 mph) recorded at Aberdaron on the Llyn peninsula, 122 km/h (76 mph) at Mumbles near Swansea and winds of 101 km/h (63 mph) at St Athan in the Vale of Glamorgan. The German Meteorological Service had advised people to stay indoors and avoid unnecessary trips on 18 January,^[7] and wind strengths of up to 12 on the Beaufort scale were seen across the Netherlands and Germany as the storm made landfall. The storm moved across the German states of Lower Saxony, Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and North Rhine-Westphalia first, then spread across the whole country in the evening hours of January 18. Wind gusts as high as 202 km/h (125mph) on the Wendelstein and 198 km/h (123mph) on the Brocken in the Harz mountains were recorded.^[8] The storm then moved eastwards, its center crossing Lower Saxony between 18:00 and 19:00 CET, moving toward the Baltic sea, its cold front spawning several tornadoes in Germany, three of which have been confirmed as of February 22.^[9] In Poland the highest wind speed was measured on Śnieżka in the Karkonosze mountains, where wind gusts reached 212 km/h (132mph).^[10] In the Czech Republic winds as high as 200 km/h disrupted both rail and air traffic; record high temperatures reached 14°C (57°F) in Prague.^[11]

[edit] Effects of the storm

Storm damage in Delft, The Netherlands

Bent power poles caused massive electrical power outages

On the day of the landfall, an approximate 25,000 homes in southern England were without electricity after electricity pylons were damaged by the storm.^[12] Same day, the German states of Brandenburg, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt were hit by a massive power cut. 52,000 homes were without energy, according to local utility envia.^[13] The German district Siegen-Wittgenstein had issued a state of emergency, with schools remaining closed on Friday, January 19, and roads not to be cleared right away, but closed instead until the situation improved.^[14] By the second day of the storm, more than one million homes were left without power in the Czech republic with another million households without electricity in Germany and tens of thousands dark homes in Austria and Poland.^[15]^[16] In Poland, a flood alarm was issued in several localities due to large rainfalls and the storm damaged several houses in the region of Jelenia Góra.^[17] In Ukraine, the supply of oil through the Druzhba pipeline came to a complete halt as a result of the storm.^[18] Strong winds over the Alps became föhn and caused unseasonally high temperatures in Italy (up to 25°C/77°F in Turin).^[19]

In Ireland thousands of homes were left without power and heavy downpours caused flash flooding.

In the Netherlands, the storm flood warning system (Stormvloedwaarschuwingsdienst) was activated, as the approaching storm was measured in excess of 10 Beaufort. Alarms were issued to two northern regions, Delfzijl & Harlingen, at approximately 22:30 CET on Thursday 18 January. The water level peaked in the early hours of Friday, almost 4.5m above the astronomical prediction level, and an en masse evacuation of the two cities was narrowly avoided.^{[citation needed]}

High winds in the Alps prompted the Austrian weather service to advise the skiers and snowboarders to seek shelter, and caused at least one major motorway tunnel closure.^[20]

The cost of the damage across Europe to the insurance industry has been estimated by Swiss Re as €3.5bn.^[21] In the UK, the cost to the insurance industry could be as high as £350m (€520m).^[22] As the event is relatively recent for the insurance industry these are unlikely to be the final costs.

[edit] Notable buildings

Several windows were smashed into at the Römisch-Germanisches Museum in Cologne, Germany by plywood that was covering a fountain near Cologne Cathedral. The wood caused major damage to the encasing of a Roman mosaic dating to the 3rd century. The Römisch-Germanisches Museum building was originally constructed around the mosaic. As of January 2007, it is still unclear whether the actual mosaic has suffered damage, as museum staff have announced the cleanup will at least take a week due to the fragility of the exhibit.^[23] Museum manager Bernhard Ostermann estimated that the mosaic was damaged in 100 to 150 places^[24]

The chapel of Wittenberg Castle in Wittenberg, Germany, which is a World Heritage Site, lost several of its sandstone merlons. They broke off during the storm, damaging several stained-glass windows in their fall.

[edit] Harbours and shipping

Position of MSC Napoli when she was abandoned

The container ship MSC Napoli, whilst on its way to Portugal carrying 2,394 containers, of which 158 were classed as hazardous substances, had to be abandoned in the English Channel due to the storm. The crew of 26 were picked up by British and French rescue services. The ship was later pulled to shelter in Lyme Bay and was being towed to Portland Harbour in Dorset. The ship is reported to have suffered structural damage, including a 1m by 0.5m (3ft by 1ft 6in) hole on the starboard side and water flooding and has been beached 1 mile off the East Devon coast at Branscombe^[25] An anti-pollution operation started on January 21 after the ship leaked up to 200 tonnes of oil. Some 200 containers have also been reported missing, among them one that contains battery acid and several others with dangerous goods of various kind.^[26]

The ferry services between Fishguard and Rosslare were cancelled,^[27] as well as the ferries to Heligoland and most West Frisian Islands, East Frisian and North Frisian islands.^[28] In Ireland, Dublin Port was forced to completely close for a time. Two fishing vessels sank at sea, with a total loss of seven lives. A third vessel engaged in the rescue attempts also sank but the crew were rescued.^[29] A storm tide with sea levels of up to 3.5 metres (11.5 ft) above mean tide was announced for the coastal areas of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein by the state governments,^[30] however the storm had already passed those areas before high tide had set in, so there was less damage than expected.

The Cypriot-flagged freighter Golden Sky, carrying a load of fertilizer and fuel oil, ran aground near Ventspils, off the coast of Latvia; the ship's crew were rescued in a joint Latvian and Swedish operation.^[31]^[32]

[edit] Road transport

Many countries suffered from road and motorway closures. In the United Kingdom, the major motorways M1, M6 and M18 were closed in several places, as well as the M25 ring road around London and a number of other motorways. Bridges like the Thelwall Viaduct, the motorway bridge over the Manchester Ship Canal or Dartford Crossing on the M25 were closed due to high winds. Closures were largely due to the toppling of multiple high-sided vehicles. Other motorways were affected by significant delays. Long queues developed around blackspots, in particular replacement crossings of the Manchester Ship Canal including routes through Warrington and over the Runcorn Bridge.^[33] In Germany, a number of motorways, especially those with bridges over the Rhine or those with valley bridges, also faced closures due to high winds. The Dutch police advised drivers of empty lorries not to enter the Netherlands. Many roads were also closed in Ireland due to fallen trees and overturned lorries.

[edit] Air transport

Destroyed AN-2s at Jelenia Góra local airport.

More than 280 flights were cancelled at Heathrow airport, and 80 more flights were cancelled due to health and safety reasons at Manchester Airport.^[34] Many flights were delayed at Ireland's airports on the morning of 19 January due to the high winds in Ireland, however by afternoon they were delayed because of high winds elsewhere in Europe. Several flights at Frankfurt International Airport were cancelled due to the bad weather.^[35] Overall, during January 18 and 19 Swiss International Air Lines announced the cancellation of at least 88 flights, British Airways canceled 180 flights and Lufthansa cut 329 flights and warned of more delays before the service began to return back to normal.^[36]

[edit] Railways

Stuck travellers sleeping in an ICE train stopped at Würzburg station

The storm seriously affected the January 17 rush hour all over Great Britain, with heavy snowfalls in Scotland adding to the unpleasant situation. A general 50 mph speed restriction was put in place by Network Rail to minimise possible damages.. Train services between Cardiff and London Paddington had to be cancelled, and the East Coast Mainline was operating on a reduced timetable. Virgin Trains cancelled its services from London to Scotland, whilst First Great Western closed the line between Paddington and Reading, Berkshire, running a replacement bus service. London Bridge railway station was closed after glass panels came loose from the roof.^[37]

In the Netherlands, all train services ceased operating on the evening of January 18. The station in Delft and the central station in Amsterdam were evacuated due to roof damages.^[38] A train driver sustained minor injuries when his train hit a tree that had fallen onto the railway near Venlo.

German railway operator Deutsche Bahn at first limited the maximum speed of its trains to 200 km/h (124 mph),^[35] then all services on the domestic InterCity/InterCityExpress network as well as the local services in Northern and Western Germany were discontinued from 17:15 CET on 18 January onwards, as major main lines (Bremen-Hannover, Hamburg-Hanover, Bremen-Osnabrück) and many branch lines were affected by the storm. In an unprecedented move, Deutsche Bahn discontinued virtually all train services in Germany at 19:30 CET until further notice, with only very limited local services running on a per-line decision basis. Trains currently on the lines would stop at the next station and stay there, leaving passengers stranded all over Germany in the tens of thousands. Later, as the situation was worsening, trains were left open for those passengers unable to find a hotel to sleep in. In major affected stations, such as Münster and Hanover, air raid shelters in the stations were opened up for the night, with the Red Cross issuing blankets to stranded passengers.^[39] Train services were resumed on the morning of January 19, but cancellations and delays continued during the weekend as 34,000 kilometres (21,100 mi) of track needed to be checked and cleared. The DB was faced by the massive challenge of getting its network into working order again after coming to a full stop during the night, the first such event ever to happen on the German railway network in peacetime.^[40]On January 18, an InterCity train ran into a tree that had fallen onto the tracks between Elmshorn and Westerland. One of the locomotives was damaged, no casualties were reported. An InterCity train with 450 passengers on board was stuck near Diepholz and had to be evacuated, Duisburg Hauptbahnhof station was suffering from a power outage as the result of a grid failure.^[13]

[edit] Berlin's Central Station

Fallen girder at Berlin Hauptbahnhof

Late on January 18, the central railway station in Berlin suffered from major structural damage. A two-ton girder fell from a height of 40 metres (130ft), damaging an outside stairwell. The station was completely evacuated, as glass plates from the façade were coming loose and falling to the pavement below.^[41] On the early afternoon of January 19, the station was opened to the public again.^[8] Discussion started as to whether the eight-month-old station was suffering from design failures, but these claims were rejected by both the Deutsche Bahn and the architect. The girders provide no means of structural support and are, for architectural reasons, only lying on small supports similar to a shelf and not permanently fixed in place. The DB claimed that it will address the problem by welding additional supports in front of the girders, and that they would close the station at winds exceeding 8 bft until the problem was resolved. On the afternoon of January 21, 2007, the station was closed again to the public due to heavy winds at the time.^[42] and remained closed until 20:00 CET.^[43] Some politicians have suggested opening Berlin's Bahnhof Zoo for long-distance services again to have an alternative to the central station in cases of bad weather until the problem has been addressed, but the Deutsche Bahn has refused these suggestions on the claims that they would be both unfeasible and unnecessary.

[edit] Casualties and fatalities

According to the BBC, at least 43 people were killed by the evening of 19 January.^[3]

The casualties were distributed as follows:

Fatalities	Country
11	Germany
11	United Kingdom
7	Ireland
7	The Netherlands
6	Poland
4	Czech Republic
3	France
3	Belgium
1	Austria

[edit] Western Europe

[edit] United Kingdom

The United Kingdom saw a total of twelve fatalities, all of them in England. All incidents took place on January 18:

The first casualty of the storm was the Managing Director of Birmingham International Airport who was killed around 05:45 GMT when his car windscreen was smashed by a falling branch in Shropshire.^[44]
In the London district of Kentish Town, a two-year-old boy died in hospital after receiving severe head injuries. These were caused by a wall collapsing onto the boy whilst he was walking with his childminder in the afternoon of January 18.^[45]
A female lorry driver was killed on the A629 in Yorkshire when her vehicle overturned and was blown into a canal.^[46]
A male lorry driver, who was a German national, was killed on the A55 near Chester in a similar incident.^[46]
The front-seat male passenger of a car on the A329 was killed when a branch hit the car near Streatley in Berkshire; the driver was injured.^[46]
A man was blown into metal shutters at an industrial estate in Manchester and died.^[46]
In Byley, Cheshire, a man was hit by a tree whilst working on a construction site.^[46]
An elderly man was killed in North Lincolnshire by a collapsing shed.^[46]
A woman in Stockport was killed when a wall she tried to shelter behind collapsed onto her.^[46]
In Lancashire, a man was hit by a falling canopy at a petrol station whilst refuelling and later died in hospital.^[46]
In Woofferton, Shropshire, a lorry driver collided with another vehicle and died on the scene.^[46]

[edit] Germany

Forest in Balve

Germany was the country most severely hit by the storm, with 13 casualties as of January 21, 2007. Most deaths occurred on the 18 and 19 January, though some victims were only injured at first and later died in hospital.

In the Munich borough of Milbertshofen, an 18-month old child was severely injured by a patio door that had broken out of its hinges. The child later died in hospital.^[47]^[48]^[49]
Near Kirrlach in the state of Baden-Württemberg, a motorist tried to avoid a tree that had fallen onto the road and crashed into an oncoming vehicle. He was pronounced dead on the scene.^[49]
A 73-year old man was crushed by a barn door in Gersthofen in the district of Augsburg.^[48]
A fireman was killed in Tönisvorst in North Rhine-Westphalia whilst performing storm cleanup work.^[50]
A 36-year motorist was killed in Hildesheim by a fallen tree.^[49]
A motorcycle driver slid under a tree in Essen, dying in hospital on January 21.^[49]
On the B 55 near Lippstadt, a 23-year woman was killed when her car was hit by a falling birch tree..^[50]
A man was killed when the gable of a nearby building collapsed in Groß Rodensleben in the state of Saxony-Anhalt.^[49]
In Strausberg in Brandenburg, a 25-year man crashed into a fallen tree with his car.^[49]
Near Finnentrop, a man died after not noticing a tree that had fallen onto the road and crashing into it.^[49]
A man in Mülheim an der Ruhr was killed by a falling tree.^[51]

[edit] The Netherlands

Seven people in the Netherlands were killed as a result of the weather. Two people died when a falling tree hit their car between Arnhem and Ede. A man near Oosterhout was killed in a collision with a truck. A motorcyclist died near Leersum after a collision with a tree, as well as a 17-year old boy on a moped in Sint Oedenrode. An 11-year old boy in Riel was blown in front of a car, which drove over him. The boy died on the scene. A 59-year old man in Staphorst was blown off of the roof of his barn, as he was repairing the damage caused by the storm. Six people were injured when a crane fell through the roof of a Utrecht University building.^[38] The National Crisis Centre advised people to stay indoors, the first time such a warning has been issued.^[52]

[edit] France

In France, a driving instructor in Roubaix was killed when an electricity pole fell on top of her car. The student was severely injured. A 30-year old man died near Abbeville, when a swerving truck crashed into his car. A woman in Lille is missing after the roof of a store collapsed.^[53] There was significant damage to the cathedral at Saint-Omer.^[54]

[edit] Belgium

Three people in Belgium fell victim to the storm; a 16-year old girl in Halle died when a wall she was standing by collapsed and a man died in the province of Liège after a tree fell on top of his car.^[55] In Antwerp a 12-year old boy was hit and seriously injured by a falling beam, and later died of his injuries.^[56]

[edit] Central and Eastern Europe

Twisted traffic light in the Danube area in Upper Austria.

In Poland, a crane operator was killed in Katowice when a 25-metre-high (82ft) crane broke in half.^[57] By January 19 a total of 6 casualties and 19 people wounded have been reported, nearly 800 thousand households lack electricity due to the damage done by the storm, about 500 were damaged.^[58]

In the Czech Republic, a fireman died in Slunečná (Liberec Region) when the wind threw a tree trunk on him while he was clearing the road with his colleagues. Two young men died in Vestec near Prague when a tree fell on their car.^[59]^[15]

[edit] Gallery

Windthrown tree in Wythenshawe Park, Manchester, England	Windthrown part of tree, Wythenshawe Park, Manchester, England	Branches broken off a tree in Wythenshawe Park, Manchester, England. Windthrown tree in background	Windthrown tree after first-stage clearing up, Hale, Greater Manchester, England
The forest on the Lindenberg mountain above Ilmenau, Germany was heavily damaged