Kunjali Marakkar
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Mohammed Kunjali Marakkar was the Muslim naval chief of the Samoothiri Raja Manavikraman (Samoothiri was anglicized as Zamorin) a title of the Hindu kings of Kozhikode (anglicized Calicut, also known as kozhikode), in present day state of Kerala, India during the 16th century. He was the first of the four Kunjalis who played a part in the Raja's naval wars with the Portuguese, who arrived in India in 1498. The Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defence of the Indian coast, to be later succeeded in the 18th century by the Maratha Sarkhel Kanhoji Angre (Also read alternative version below).
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[edit] Title
The title of Marakkar was given by the Raja. It may have been derived from the (Malayalam) word marakkalam meaning ‘boat,’ and kar, a termination, showing possession.
The four key Marakkars:
- Mohammed Kunjali Marakkar - Marakkar I
- ? Kunjali - Marakkar II
- Pattu Kunjali - Marakkar III
- Mohammed Ali Kunjali - Marakkar IV
[edit] Origins
According to tradition, they were originally marine merchants of Kozhikode who left for Ponnani in the Samoothiri Raja's dominion when the Portuguese came to Kozhikode. The Raja took them into his service and eventually they became the Admirals of his fleet.
Of the four Marakkars, Kunjali Marakkar II is the most famous.
[edit] Portuguese
The Portuguese initially attempted to obtain trading privileges in 1498, but soon began to pressure the Raja to evict the Arabs, who had traditionally been trading in his ports, and give the Portuguese a monopoly in trading spices. The Raja resisted these attempts which resulted in the Portuguese trying to destabilise his rule by negotiating a treaty with his arch enemy, the Kingdom of Kochi in 1503. Sensing the Portuguese superiority at sea, the Raja set about improving his navy. He appointed Kunjali to the task.
The fight between the Raja and the Portuguese continued on until the end of the 16th century, when the Portuguese convinced the Raja in 1598 that Marakkar III intended to take over his Kingdom. The Raja then joined hands with the Portuguese to defeat Marakkar III, ending in his defeat and death in 1600.
[edit] Key events
- 1498 - Raja builds a fort at Ponnani.
- 1500 December - Raja expels Portuguese from Kozhikode.
- 1500 December 24 - Portuguese (led by Pedro Alvares Cabral) take refuge at port of Kochi, where the King offers them spices.
- 1501 January - Portuguese conclude a treaty with Tirumulpad, the King of Kochi, allowing them to open a factory there.
- 1503 - Portuguese crown the new King of Kochi, effectively making him a vassal of the King of Portugal.
- 1503 March - Samoothiri Raja attacks foe Hindu Kingdom of Kochi, also known as Perumpadapu Swaroopam.
- 1503 - Portuguese Viceroy D. Francisco de Almeida arrives in Kochi to find it destroyed, manages to obtain permission to build a fort. Thus the first European fort is built in India by 1505 called Fort Manuel or Manuel Kotta.
- 1505 November - murder of the Portuguese factor Antonio de Sa, the other Portuguese men and the destruction of the church of St. Thomas in Kollam.
- 1506 - Samoothiri Raja now approached Raja of Kolathiri. The Portuguese had behaved contemptuously to the Muslims at Kannur, and so Raja of Kolathiri also intended to teach them a lesson. The Raja laid siege the St. Angelos fort at Kannur. But the Portuguese won this battle, and the Raja of Kolathiri was forced to plea for peace.
- 1506 - Raja's naval forces join the Turkish and Arab navies to defeat the Portuguese navy led by D. Lourenço Almeida, son of the Portuguese Viceroy. However, Portuguese repel the attack.
- 1507 November 14 - Portuguese under Almeida attacked Ponnani.
- 1508 March - Sultan of Cairo's navy defeats Portuguese at Battle of Chaul, killing D. Lourenço Almeida
- 1509 February - Portuguese counter attack and defeat the Samoothiri's forces and the Egyptian/Turkish Navy at the Battle of Diu. Turks and Egyptians withdraw from India, leaving the seas to the Portuguese.
- 1513 - Raja and Portuguese sign a treaty giving Portuguese right to build a fort at Kozhikode, in return for their assistance in the Raja's fight with the Kingdoms of Kochi and Kolathiri.
- 1520? - Assassination attempt on Raja
- 1524 - King of Portugal re-sends Vasco Da Gama back to India to control the Raja.
- 1525 February 26 - Portuguese navy led by new Viceroy Menezes raids Ponnani, but the Raja defeats them with assistance from Tinayancheri, and Kurumliyapatri.
- 1530 - Formation of Chalium (also known as Challe, now Chaliyam) fort by Portuguese - the Raja of Vettathunad enabled the Portuguese to erect a fort at Chalium at the mouth of the Beypore river. Chalium was a strategic site, for it was only 10 km south of Kozhikkode. Raja of Chaliyam also helped the Portuguese.
- 1540 - Samoothiri Raja entered into an agreement with the Portuguese and stopped the war. Treaty allows the Portuguese a trade monopoly at Kozhikode port.
- 1550 - Portuguese attacked, pillaged and plundered Ponnani. They set fire to several houses and four mosques, including the Valia Palli.
- 1569-1570 - War between the Portuguese and Samoothiri's forces at Chaliyam fort. The battle of Talikota in 1565 in which Vijayanagar, the ally of the Portuguese, was defeated, emboldened the Samoothiri to start large scale operations against the Portuguese.
- 1571 September 15 - Portuguese lose the war and surrender Chaliyam fort. Samoothiri Raja destroys the fort.
- 1573 - Pattu Marakkar (Kunjali III) obtained permission from Samoothiri to build a fortress and dockyard at Puthupattanam. This fort later came to be called the Marakkar Kotta (Marakkar Fort).
- 1584 - Samoothiri Raja needed free navigation without the passes of the Portuguese, to the ports of Gujarat, Persia and Arabia, to continue his trade. So an agreement with the Portuguese was made. The sanction to the Portuguese to build a factory at Ponnani was given. By now the Raja had clearly shifted his policy towards the Portuguese.
- 1586 - Marakkars defeat the Portuguese in a naval battle.
- 1588 - The Portuguese settle again in Kozhikode with the Samoothiri's permission.
- 1589 - Marakkars inflict a crushing defeat on the Portuguese.
- 1591 - Samoothiri Raja allowed the Portuguese to build a factory at Kozhikkode. He even laid the foundation stone of their church and granted them the necessary land and building materials. His commanders like Kunjali III who were sworn enemies of the Portuguese were ignored again. Kunjali III began to distance himself from Samoothiri.
- 1595 - Kunjali IV becomes the Chief of the Marakkars. Marakkar, who had been given the powers and privileges of any Nair noble in the Samoothiri's service, strengthened the fortress at Kottakal and openly challenged his master by styling himself as the "Lord of the Indian seas". He cut off the tail of one of Samoothiri's elephants and ill treated a Nair noble and his wife, who had been sent to get his explanation for the deed.
- 1598 - The overbearing attitude of his vassal exasperated the Samoothiri, who joined up with the Portuguese and fought Kunjali Marakkar III. The first joint operation went very bad for the allies, owing to a lack of communication between the Portuguese and the Samoothiri. They suffered heavy losses.
- 1600 - In the second battle, the Samoothiri attacked Marakkar Kotta from the land with an army of 6000 and the Portuguese navy under Andre Furtado bombarded it from the sea. Left with no choice, Kunjali Marakkar surrendered to Samoothiri on a solemn promise of pardon, but the Samoothiri broke his word and handed his former Admiral over to the Portuguese, who executed him and his men, after taking them to Goa.
[edit] Alternative version
An alternative version of the Marakkar history has been proposed by Dr. K.J. John Ochanthuruth Ph.d, Head - Department of History, University of Calicut, Kerala. In an article dated March 1, 2005 published in The Hindu newspaper Dr. Ochanthuruth wrote, "the traditional view of Kunhalis as patriots supporting feudal lords like the Zamorin needs to be corrected." He views the Marakkars as wanting an Islamic Principality in India. According to him, Shayk Zaynuddin, an Arab scholar of Ponnani, in his Tuhfat-ul Mujahidin, states that the Marikkars had turned against the Portuguese only by 1524.
He also questions claims that Marikkars were Mappila Muslims (Mappilas are children of Arabs married to Malabar women), and contends there is no evidence to support the belief that Marikkars lived in Pantalayani - Kollam, then in Tikkodi and then in Kottakkal, which was their last headquarters. "Available evidence suggests Marikkars were of Tamil origin and many of them were Parathava converts from Coramandel," Dr. Ochanthuruth claims.
There is also another local tradition that claims that they were merchants of Cairo, who had settled in Kozhikode in the 12th century A.D. (A survey of Kerala History by Prof A. Sreedhara Menon).
In Sri Lanka although Marakkala is the modern colloquial term for Muslims, Marakkalage is an ancestral family name borne by several Karava families to date. The Karavas were the traditional martial and naval community of Sri Lanka and the preservation of that naval tradition in such mediaeval names is of interest. Sri lankan and Portuguese history mentions that Karavas were Naval commanders in the armies of the Nayaks of Tanjore(Queyroz, 638).
[edit] Tributes
- The Indian Navy shore-based naval air training centre at Colaba, Mumbai is named Naval Maritime Academy INS Kunjali II in honour of the second Marakkar.
- The Indian Department of Post issued a Rupee 3 colour stamp commemorating the maritime heritage of Kunjali Marakkar on 17 December 2000 on the 400th anniversary of the end of the Marakkars. The stamp design shows the war-paroe, a small craft used by the Kunjalis, which, manned by just 30-40 men each, could be rowed through lagoons and narrow waters. Several of these crafts were deployed at strategic points and they would emerge from small creeks and inconspicuous estuaries, attack the Portuguese ships at will, inflict heavy damage and casualties by setting fire to their sails and get back into the safety of shallow waters. In these guerilla raids, the Marakkars had shown remarkable prowess.
- At Payyoli village near Kottakkal, Kerala, about 40km north of Kozhikode a small museum has been built in a hut that used to belong to the Marakkar family, with collection of ancient swords, canon balls and knives. This is maintained by the State Archeology Dept.[1].
- There is a place called Marakkarkandy in Kannur City, in Kannur district.
[edit] Additional reading
- Gundert, Herman Keralappalama (History of Malabar from A.D. 1498 - 1531) in Malayalam, first published 1868, Kottayam:Vidyarthi Mithram, 1964
- Mathew, K.S. Portuguese Trade with India in the sixteenth century
- Queyroz Fr. The Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylaö,
