Koyaanisqatsi
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| Koyaanisqatsi | |
|---|---|
 original film poster |
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| Directed by | Godfrey Reggio |
| Produced by | Francis Ford Coppola Godfrey Reggio |
| Written by | Ron Fricke Michael Hoenig Godfrey Reggio Alton Walpole |
| Music by | Philip Glass |
| Cinematography | Ron Fricke |
| Editing by | Ron Fricke Alton Walpole |
| Distributed by | New Cinema and Island Alive (USA) |
| Release date(s) | November 11, 1983 |
| Running time | 87 minutes |
| Language | English, Hopi |
| Followed by | Powaqqatsi |
| All Movie Guide profile | |
| IMDb profile | |
Koyaanisqatsi: Life out of Balance is a 1982 documentary film directed by Godfrey Reggio with music composed by minimalist composer Philip Glass and cinematography by Ron Fricke. The film consists primarily of slow motion and time-lapse photography of cities and natural landscapes across the United States. The documentary contains neither dialog nor narration: its tone is set by the juxtaposition of images and the music that accompanies them. In the Hopi language, the word Koyaanisqatsi means 'life of moral corruption and turmoil, life out of balance', and the film implies that modern humanity is living in such a way.
The film is the first in the Qatsi trilogy of films: it is followed by Powaqqatsi (1988) and Naqoyqatsi (2002). The trilogy depicts different aspects of the relationship between man, nature, and technology. Koyaanisqatsi is the best known of the trilogy and is considered a cult film. However, due to copyright issues, the film was out of print for most of the 1990s.[1]
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[edit] Synopsis
The film contains several cinematic sequences accompanied by recurring musical themes. The chapters on the Koyaanisqatsi DVD are separated and named by the titles of the musical sections.
The first image in the film is of a Fremont Indian pictogram located in The Great Gallery of Horseshoe Canyon, part of Canyonlands National Park, Utah. The large skylight arch depicted a few scenes later is a formation called Paul Bunyan's Potty in the Needles District of Canyonlands.The section shown depicts several tall darkly-shadowed figures standing near a taller figure adorned with a crown. The next image is a close-up of the Saturn V rocket from the Apollo 12 mission during lift off. The film fades into a shot of a desolate desert landscape. From there, it progresses to footage of various natural environmental phenomena such as waves and cloud formations ("Organic").
The film's introduction to man's involvement in the environment is subtle: an low aerial shot of choppy water cuts to a similar shot of rows of cultivated flowers. After aerial views of monumental rock formations partly drowned by the backed up waters of Lake Powell, we see a large mining truck causing billows of black dust in the chapter titled "Resource". This is followed by shots of power lines in the desert. Man's continued involvement in the environment is depicted through images of mining operations, overhead shots of power plants, Glen Canyon Dam (not Hoover Dam as Navajo Bridge is visible) and stock footage of atomic bomb detonations in the Nevada desert.
The sequence entitled "Vessels" contains the film's longest single take: a three minute and thirty-two second long shot of two United Airlines commercial passenger Boeing 747s taxiing on a runway. "Vessels" also contains shots of traffic patterns on the Los Angeles freeway and a shot of a large parking lot. This is followed with stock footage of tanks lined up in rows and a B-1 Lancer military aircraft.[2]
The juxtaposition of man and nature is seen again in the chapter "Cloudscape". The time-lapse photography of shadows of clouds is seen moving across the skyscrapers in New York City.
The sequence "Pruitt-Igoe" contains shots of various housing projects in disrepair, and includes footage of the decay and demolition of the Pruitt-Igoe housing project. The housing project was known for its modernist design, but fell into immediate disrepair. The sequence ends with stock footage of the destruction of large buildings and a shot of a television set being blown up.
A sequence known as "Slow People" begins with a time-lapse shot of a crowd of people who appear to be waiting in a line. This is followed by shots of people walking along city streets shot with slow motion photography.
"The Grid" is the film's longest sequence, roughly 22 minutes in length. The cinematic theme of this sequence is the speed of modern life. The sequence begins with shots of buildings and a shot of a sunset reflected in the glass of a skyscraper. The sequence is characterized by its use of time lapse photography of the activity of modern life, taking events typically shot at normal speed and accelerating them. The events captured in this sequence involve people interacting with modern technology. The first shots are traffic patterns as seen from skyscrapers at night. This is followed by the film's iconic shot of the moon passing behind a skyscraper. The next shots are closer shots of cars on highway. The sun rises over the city and we see shots of people hurrying to work. The film shows at regular speed the operation of machines packaging Oscar Mayer bologna. People are shown sorting mail, sewing jeans, manufacturing televisions and doing other jobs with the use of modern technology. A shot of hot dogs being sent down rows of conveyers is followed by a shot of people moving up escalators. The frenetic speed and pace of the cuts and background music do not slow as shots of modern leisure are shown. People eat, play, shop and work at the same speed. The sequence begins to come full circle as the manufacturing of automobiles in an assembly line factory is shown.
More shots of highway traffic are shown, this time in daylight. The film shows the movement of cars, shopping carts, Twinkies, and televisions on an assembly line, and elevators moving from first person perspective. These shots include cars along the elevated freeway California State Route 480 (later demolished due to damage from the 1989 earthquake), and people on escalators to the PATH station below the World Trade Center. The film then shows clips from various television shows being channel surfed in fast motion. Clips include a car crash, several newscasts moving so fast that the anchors' faces are blurred, football games, and someone writing Rolaids on a chalkboard. One portion of this sequence shows a man and two different couples reacting to being filmed on the street in slow motion photography. The man is somewhat indifferent to being filmed, but one woman appears peeved and one man looks confused about being filmed. The sequence now shows cars moving much faster than they were moving before. Both the sequence and the music end without resolution, either cinematic or musical.
"Microchips" juxtaposes pictures of microchips and satellite photography of metropolitan cities, making an obvious comparison between their layouts.
"Prophecies" shows various shots of people from all walks of modern life, from beggars to debutantes. A scene of firefighters moving along a smoky street was shot during the aftermath of the riots after the New York City blackout of 1977.
"Ending" shows stock footage of a modified and unmanned Atlas rocket from the Mercury program from the early 1960s. The rocket blows up shortly after lift off (many viewers mistakenly assume it to be the space shuttle Challenger, the destruction of which occurred three years after the movie's release). The footage follows the flaming rocket engine as it plummets to earth. The film comes full circle with a shot of a different portion of The Great Gallery pictograph. It is similar to the first shot, but with no darkly shadowed figures. All of the figures are shown in different outfits.
[edit] Production
Francis Ford Coppola did not actually produce the film, but he is credited as presenter of the film according to the official website. In an interview, Godfrey Reggio says "...[Coppola] would like to do everything possible to make this available to the public, so he put his name on it".[3] Coppola makes a cameo appearance about an hour and nine minutes into the film, stepping onto an elevator from the left side of the frame.
[edit] Music
| Koyaanisqatsi | ||
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| Soundtrack by Philip Glass | ||
| Released | 1983 | |
| Genre | Soundtrack, film score, contemporary classical, Minimalism | |
| Length | 46:25 | |
| Label | Antilles/Island | |
| Producer(s) | Kurt Munkacsi & Philip Glass | |
| Professional reviews | ||
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| Philip Glass chronology | ||
| Glassworks (1982) | Koyaanisqatsi (1983) | The Photographer (1983)
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| Koyaanisqatsi (1998 re-recording) | ||
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Reggio was intent on Philip Glass producing the score. He approached Glass through a mutual friend, and Glass replied, "I don't do film music." Reggio persisted, until he gained a meeting with Glass who nevertheless declined. Determined, Reggio put together a photo montage with Glass' music as the soundtrack, which he presented to Glass at a private screening in New York. Immediately following this, Glass agreed to score the film.[citation needed] It became his first commercial success, and Glass would later score the other two films in the Qatsi trilogy.
The score attempts to represent musically the opposing dynamics of nature and technology portrayed in the film. Glass had to create a 'music of nature' as well as a 'music of technology'.[citation needed] The opening for "The Grid" is characterized by slow sustained notes on brass instruments. The music builds in speed and dynamics throughout the piece's 21 minutes. When the piece is at its fastest, it is characterized by a synthesizer playing the piece's bass line obbligato.
The film's soundtrack by Glass was released in 1983, after the release of the film. Despite the fact that the amount of music in the film was almost as long at the film itself, the soundtrack release was only 46 minutes long, and only featured selections from the film's pieces. In 1998, Glass re-recorded the album through Nonesuch Records with a length of 73 minutes, 21 seconds. The re-recording of the album featured two additional tracks from the film, as well as extended versions of previous tracks from the original album. The album was released as a Philip Glass album titled Koyaanisqatsi, rather than a soundtrack to the film. The music has become so popular, that the Philip Glass Ensemble has toured the world, playing the music for Koyaanisqatsi live in front of the movie screen.
Track listing:
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Re-recording track listing (1998):
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[edit] Meaning
In a short documentary about the film, Essence of Life, Reggio states that the Qatsi films are intended to simply create an experience and that "it is up [to] the viewer to take for herself what it is that [the film] means." However, the film does question whether, in our haste for technological advancement, humankind have progressed out of balance with nature, each other and our own internal free spirits, with Mankind now reduced to just raw material in a non-stop machine.[citation needed] Reggio said in Essence of Life "these films have never been about the effect of technology, of industry on people. It's been that everyone: politics, education, things of the financial structure, the nation state structure, language, the culture, religion, all of that exists within the host of technology. So it's not the effect of it's that everything exists within [technology]. It's not that we use technology, we live technology. Technology has become as ubiquitous as the air we breathe..."
The movie has no dialogue but does feature the Hopi word koyaanisqatsi, translated as "life of moral corruption and turmoil" or "life out of balance." "Koyaanisqatsi" is chanted at the beginning and end of the film in a dark, sepulchral basso profundo by singer Albert de Ruiter over the score by Philip Glass. Three Hopi prophecies are sung by a choral ensemble over the film's final few minutes and are translated just prior to the end credits:
- "If we dig precious things from the land, we will invite disaster."
- "Near the day of Purification, there will be cobwebs spun back and forth in the sky."
- "A container of ashes might one day be thrown from the sky, which could burn the land and boil the oceans."
The film took about six years to make. Three years were spent shooting the film. Glass and Reggio spent the remainder with the former composing score to fit the film and the latter re-cutting the footage to fit the score.
The movie credits Jacques Ellul, Guy Debord and Ivan Illich for its basic inspiration at the end of the film.
[edit] Releases
Out of print for over a decade, Koyaanisqatsi was re-released on DVD in late 2002. Much of the reason for the film's disappearance from the market centered around a complicated rights and royalties dispute. Reggio's Institute for Regional Education owns the original copyright on the film. The film had originally been licensed and distributed through Island Entertainment/Palm Pictures, which had subsequently been sold to PolyGram - and after the dissolution of PolyGram Pictures, the entire PolyGram film library had been sold to Metro-Goldwyn Mayer. As there had been many accounting departments for these several entities involved, calculations and payments of royalties to the film makers had not been made. IRE brought suit and released an independently-financed DVD production of the film to raise money for the legal costs. The DVD was released at a cost of $185, which was far lower than the $400 average that a laserdisc copy of the movie would typically bring when they showed up on ebay prior to the release of the DVD. MGM and IRE reached an agreement allowing for the current mass-market version through MGM.
[edit] Acclaim
In 2000 the United States Library of Congress deemed Koyaanisqatsi "culturally significant" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. In the late 1990s, Koyaanisqatsi was one of the first films broadcast via satellite and internet.
[edit] Legacy
Koyaanisqatsi is followed by the sequels Powaqqatsi and Naqoyqatsi and the shorts Anima Mundi and Evidence. Naqoyqatsi was completed after a lengthy delay caused by funding problems and premiered in the United States on October 18, 2002. [4]
The film's cinematographer, Ron Fricke, went on to direct Baraka, a documentary which is often compared to Koyaanisqatsi.
[edit] Influence
- The chanted koyaanisqatsi lyric was parodied in the P. D. Q. Bach piece Prelude to Einstein on the Fritz, being replaced with the lyric Coy Hotsy-Totsy.
- The Simpsons parodied Koyaanisqatsi in the episode "Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder". There is a fast-motion sequence when Homer oversleeps, accompanied by music very similar to that in the film.
- In The Simpsons episode "Million Dollar Abie" a time-lapse sequence with Koyaanisqatsi-like music is used to show the passage of 24 hours at the Springfield Retirement Castle.
- The fast-motion cinematography of Koyaanisqatsi inspired subsequent films and music video, including the Madonna video to "Ray of Light", or more directly the Queen and David Bowie music video to "Under Pressure", which used some of the same footage of buildings being destroyed. Also, many commercials over the years have used shots from the film.
- In the David Spade comedy The Benchwarmers a ballpark is built in 24 hours on a billion dollar budget, the scene is reminiscent of Koyaanisqatsi.
- Part of the musical score is used in the UK TV Advertisement for the environmental organization The Carbon Trust.
- The computer game musician Rob Hubbard referenced parts of the Koyaanisqatsi score in his music for the Commodore 64 game Delta.
- In season 6 episode 5 of the WB show Gilmore Girls, entitled "We've Got Magic To Do", the character named Kirk does an interpretive dance to the music of Koyaanisqatsi.
- On the Scrubs episode "My New God", the main theme from Koyaanisqatsi is played when the Janitor character is giving J.D. the "evil eye" They also used the theme in the episode "My Chopped Liver" when four of the characters were giving Carla the "evil eye".
- In the digital audio workstation software Digital Performer, a reverberation plugin contains a stored preset named Koyaanisqatsi.
- The 2005 film War of the Worlds pays a tribute the film in the introduction, when describing how the world was before the alien arrival. A series of 6 consecutive shots mimic Koyaanisqatsi shots.
- Several time-lapse scenes of Los Angeles and New York City were later edited into the 1991 Steve Martin film, L.A. Story.
- The font for the film's title was later used for the hit 1988 anime film Akira.
- On 11/02/2001, musical group The Disco Biscuits performed a live improvisational set to "Koyaanisqatsi" while the film was displayed on screen at the Crystal Ballroom in Portland, Oregon.
- In an episode of "Cheers," Lilith and Frasier take Ludlow to a screening of Koyaanisqatsi.
- The 2004 Far-Less album "Turn to the Bright EP" features a song "Out of Balance (Koyaanisqatsi)".
- System of a Down's 1999 video for "Sugar" has fast-motion scenes of people going up escalators and ends with the same footage of one of the atomic explosions in the film.
- The music video to Madonna's Ray of Light is also noted for its Koyaanisqatsi inspired visuals, featuring sped-up images of daily life, from people riding a subway, ordering food, bowling, and children in a classroom to sped-up cityscapes and freeways at night
- The score (from the Pruitt-Igoe section of the film) and time-lapse technique are used in the first Grand Theft Auto IV videogame trailer, to introduce the viewer into the game's newly designed world. The trailer was released on Thursday, March 29th, 2007.
[edit] External links
- Salon.com article
- Official homepage of the Qatsi trilogy
- Koyaanisqatsi at the Internet Movie Database
- Spirit of Baraka. A reference site for films such as Baraka, Koyaanisqatsi and the people who made them.
- Koyaanisqatsi, Powaqqatsi, and the Triumph of Substance (Interview with Godfrey Reggio from the L.A. Weekly) by Michael Dare
Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | 1982 films | American documentary films | Anarchist films | Avant-garde and experimental films | Cult films | Environmental films | Hopi mythology | Prophecy | United States National Film Registry | Anti-modernist films | English-language films | Hopi-language films
