Koryū
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Koryū (古流:こりゅう?) is a Japanese word that is used in association with the ancient Japanese martial arts. This word literally translates as "old school" or "old tradition". Koryū is a general term for Japanese schools of martial arts that predate the Meiji Restoration (the period from 1866 to 1869 which sparked major socio-political changes and led to the modernization of Japan). While there is no "official" cutoff date, the date most commonly used is 1876, when the Haitōrei edict banning the wearing of swords was pronounced. [1]
The systems of Japanese martial arts that post-date the Meiji Restoration are known as gendai budō. The most well known of these arts include judo, kendo, some schools of iaidō, and aikido. These newer systems are commonly valued as sports or arts for self-improvement. The koryū systems of martial arts, however, are commonly far more revered as they are considered the teachings of the true Japanese martial arts, due to the fact that they were formed from Japan's feudal military culture.
The koryū systems of the Japanese martial arts often contain both unarmed and armed fighting techniques. Within these ancient systems several different weapons are commonly taught to the students of the these arts.
Contents |
[edit] Kobudo and Koryu
Kobudo (古武道) is a Japanese term that can be translated as "old martial way." It was formerly known as Kobujutsu ("old martial art"), however, with the advent of martial arts generally becoming practiced for reasons other than that of practicality, it is now more commonly known as Kobudo. Within Japan, it can refer to any traditional martial art (such as Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū) and is synomonous with Koryu, but outside of Japan it generally refers to several different weapon traditions of Okinawan origin.
[edit] The Koryū and the Han
During the feudal period of Japanese history, many koryū schools were the otome ryū, (literally, "that which flows but remains at home") of the han (domain). Being an otome ryū entailed that the heads of these ryū (schools) would get a rice stipends from the han's total koku (a unit of measurement used to calculate rice revenues and used to measure the relative wealth of a han) in exchange for training the samurai of the han. However, there were exceptions to being funded by a specific han, and many ryū were never or only partially supported by a han. For example, Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū was solely supported by donations from local landed bushi and was never attached to a specific domain. Likewise, Maniwa Nen-ryū was founded and supported by the peasant farmers of Maniwa village in Gunma Prefecture, as a means of village protection. A third example is Kashima Shin-ryū which took its name from a famous Shinto shrine which would acquire funds to support itself from taxing the activities associated with lands owned or regulated by the temple, as well as serving as hereditary guardians of the Kashima shrine. These kind of arrangement therefore allowed the need for heads of schools to devote themselves full-time to the teaching of the schools, while providing assorted services to the school's benefactors.
It was not until the Meiji Restoration when this almost 500 year arrangement started to fall apart and various heads of schools had to seek other means of employment. Teaching their ryū to the general public was only one of many options. Today, few if any headmasters of a koryū or kenjutsu school make a living teaching his art, yet their devotion to ensuring their arts continue to thrive for generations.
[edit] Koryū and its relation to Bujutsu and Gendai Budō
It is often inaccurately believed that kendo and iaidō are more modern and thereby more advanced and or better systems of kenjutsu and koryū; nothing could be further from the truth. The aims of bujutsu (lit. "martial methods") and budō (lit. "martial way") are two distinct practices that serve distinctly different aims.
The primary objective of a student of a koryū is to engage in the practice of bujutsu in order to develop the combative mindset of his or her ryū, through which he will come to understanding the effective utilization of a broad range of weapons in mortal combat. The objective of budō is rather less terse, while many people enter into budō for reasons of self-defense, most gendai budō (modern martial arts) also seek to develop the spiritual, ethical, and or moral aspects of the individuals in conjunction to the physical and sporting methods. Koryū has no sporting component and free sparring is rarely used due to the danger. While bujutsu and budō remain two distinct practices, they are not mutually exclusive, and the terms are used almost interchangeably in the Japanese language. The distinction, however subtle, between bujutsu and budo points to the essential difference and qualities of each approach and their relationship to koryū.
[edit] List of Koryū traditions
For a list of martial arts schools that are considered koryū, see List of koryū schools of martial arts.
