Kiowa

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Kiowa
Image:Dohausan.jpg Dohausan, a Kiowa chief who ruled the Kiowa over 30 years, early 1800s
Total population
12,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
United States (Oklahoma)
Languages
English, Kiowa
Religions
Traditional and Christianity, other
Related ethnic groups
other Tanoan peoples

The Kiowa are a nation of Native Americans who lived mostly in the plains of west Texas, Oklahoma and eastern New Mexico at the time of the arrival of Europeans. Today the Kiowa Tribe is federally recognized, with about 12,000 members living in southwestern Oklahoma.

Contents 1 History of the Kiowa Nation 2 The Indian Wars 3 Kiowa art 4 Miscellaneous Facts 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Other works consulted 7 External links

[edit] History of the Kiowa Nation

According to historic accounts the Kiowa resided in the northern basin of the Missouri River where the migrating Crow Nation first met them in the Pryor Mountains, then the Kiowa migrated easterly to the Black Hills around 1650. Pushed southward by the invading Cheyennes and Sioux who were being pushed out of their lands in the great lakes regions by the Ojibwa tribes, the Kiowa moved down the Platte River basin to the Arkansas River area. There they fought with the Comanches, who already occupied the land.

In the early spring of 1790, at the place that would become Las Vegas, New Mexico, a Kiowa party lead by war leader Guikate made an offer of peace to a Comanche party while both were visiting the home of a friend of both tribes. This lead to a later meeting between Guikate and the head chief of the Nokoni Comanches. The two groups made an alliance to share the same hunting grounds, and entered into a mutual defense pact. From that time on, the Comanches and Kiowa hunted, traveled, and made war together. An additional group, the Plains Apache (also called Kiowa-Apache), affiliated with the Kiowa at this time.

The Kiowa lived a typical Plains Indian lifestyle. Mostly nomadic, they survived on buffalo meat and gathered vegetables, lived in lodges, and depended on their horses for hunting and military uses. From their hunting grounds south of the Arkansas River the Kiowa were notorious for long-distance raids as far west as the Grand Canyon region, south into Mexico and Central America, and north into Canada. Even though the winters in their homeland were harsh, the Kiowa tended to enjoy this climate and did not spend much time south of their land.

Famous Kiowa leaders were Dohasan (Tauhawsin, BIA), Over-Hanging Butte, alias Little Mountain, alias Little Bluff; Guipahgah (Old Chief Lonewolf), alias Guibayhawgu (Rescued From Wolves); sub-leaders Satanta and Satank. In 1871 Satanta and Big Tree were accused, arrested, transported and confined at Fort Richardson, Texas, after being convicted by a "cowboy jury" in Jacksboro, Texas for participating in the Warren Wagon Train Raid. During the transport to Fort Richardson, Texas old Satank in an attempt to escape was shot by accompaning cavalry troops near Fort Sill, Indian Territory and became a martyr.

[edit] The Indian Wars

After 1840 the Kiowas joined forces with their former enemies, the Cheyennes, as well as their allies the Comanches and the Apaches, to fight and raid the Eastern natives then moving into the Indian Territory. The United States military intervened, and in the Treaty of Medicine Lodge of 1867 the Kiowa agreed to settle on a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma. Some bands of Kiowas remained at large until 1875 (see Palo Duro Canyon).

On August 6, 1901 Kiowa land in Oklahoma was opened for white settlement, effectively dissolving the contiguous reservation. While each Kiowa head of household was allotted 160 acres (320,000 m²), the only land remaining in Kiowa tribal ownership today is what was the scattered parcels of 'grass land' which had been leased to the white settlers for grazing before the reservation was opened for settlement.

[edit] Kiowa art

Kiowa artists are well known for a pictographic art form that is now referred to as "Plains Indian ledger art", and its contribution to the development of contemporary Native American art. The earliest of these Kiowa artists were those held in captivity by the US Army at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida at the conclusion of the Southern Plains Indian war. Traditionally the artist's medium for their pictographic images were natural objects and animal skins, but for the Kiowa in captivity the lined pages of the white man's record keeping books became a popular substitute, thus the name "ledger art".

Twentieth century Kiowa artists include the Kiowa Five, a group of artists whom studied at the University of Oklahoma. The "Five" referred to are the male members of the group. The pictographic art form known as "ledger art" was an indian art form which had historically been dominated by the male members of the plains culture. However, the "Five" actually had a sixth member, a woman named Lois Smokey. Another prolific and significant pre-Kiowa Five artisan during the early twentieth century was Silverhorn. Well known Kiowa artists of the later twentieth century include Bobby Hill (White Buffalo), Robert Redbird, Roland N. Whitehorse, and T. C. Cannon. The pictographic art of contemporary and traditional artist Sherman Chaddlesone has revived the ledger art form that was absent in most of the art of the Second Generation Modernists that had developed since Silverhorn and the Kiowa Five. Chaddlesone studied under Native American masters Allan Houser and Fritz Scholder and is considered a versatile and widely respected artist.

The influence of Kiowa art and the revival of the plains ledger art is also illustrated in the early work of Cherokee-Creek female artist Virginia Stroud and Spokane artist George Flett. While Stroud is of Cherokee-Creek descent, she was raised by a Kiowa family and the traditions of that culture, and the influence of the Kiowa tradition is evident in her early pictographic images.

Kiowa author N. Scott Momaday won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for his novel House Made of Dawn. Other Kiowa authors include playwright Hanay Geiogamah, poet and film maker Gus Palmer, Jr., Alyce Sadongei, and Tocakut.

Kiowa music is often noted for its hymns that were traditionally accompanied by dance or played on the flute. Traditional performers include Cornel Pewewardy and Phillip "Yogi" Bread. Modern Kiowa musicians such as Tom Mauchahty-Ware[2], lead singer for the all Indian band "Tom Ware & Blues Nation", are traditional flautists and dancers as well as performers of contemporary music. One of the most highly acclaimed Native American blues guitarists is Kiowa Jesse Ed Davis.

[edit] Miscellaneous Facts

• The historic Kiowa also ranged through southeast Colorado and southwest Kansas. The Spanish in Santa Fe mediated a peace treaty between the Kiowa and Comanche in 1807. (Elizabeth Johns)

• Ethnographic studies place the historic Kiowa in western Montana in the early 17th century, then migrating easterly until they reached the Black Hills. (Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians-James Mooney)

• The Kiowa are the originators of the Kiowa Tiah-Piah Society Gourd Dancing.

• The Kiowa children were educated early on in their life on their duties. Their mothers showed and instructed them on their chores around the tribal community. As they grew up, their chores would gain more importance, increasing their necessity to learn even more duties. Around the age of 12, the young men were taught how to hunt, fish, and guard the tribe; and the young women were taught skills in cooking, cleaning, and in motherly duties.

• Kiowa Chief Satanta, also known as White Bear, was imprisoned in 1871 by the United States after a raid on a wagon train, a violation of the Medicine Lodge Treaty which he signed. He was buried in the prisoners' cemetery at Sycamore Street and Bearkat Boulevard in Houston, Texas known as Peckerwood Hill. The largest of many prisoner cemeteries operated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, its formal name is the Captain Joe Byrd Cemetery. His death sentence was commuted to life in prison as a way of humiliating him, rather than permitting an honorable death at the hands of his enemies. He supposedly killed himself by jumping from a second story window. In 1963, the Kiowa Tribe moved his remains to Oklahoma, but still consider the site of his initial burial at Peckerwood Hill sacred ground.^[1]

• The Kiowa visited the mouth of the Columbia River during the early 1790's at least a decade before the arrival of Lewis & Clark and the Corp of Discovery.

• Palo Duro Canyon in the Texas Panhandle was the summer and winter camping grounds of the historic Kiowa where on September 28, 1874 Col. Ranald MacKenzie, army officers, and troops massacred hundreds of Kiowa, slaughtering over 1200 horses, then falsifing their reports to the Department of War. Kiowa elders called Palo Duro Canyon "The Place Where They Killed Us".

• The Kiowa Black Eagle was the first Kiowa delegate to visit Washington D.C. in 1846. Black Eagle and several other representatives of a southern plains contingent travelled on horseback, coach, and steamboat from Camp Arbuckle in the Indian Territory, along the Red River, along the Mississippi River, along the Ohio River, and finally down the Old Georgetown Road into Washington D.C. Black Eagle met president James Polk.

• In 1864, as part of a Kiowa delegation, an elderly Kiowa leader named Yellow Wolf died of pneumonia in Washington D.C. and is buried in the Congressional Cemetary under the name "O-Come-O-Cost". The Smithsonian Institute requested that Yellow Wolf's Thomas Jefferson Peace Medal be given to the Institute but his fellow Kiowa delegates requested that all Yellow Wolf's personal belongings be buried with him. The Kiowa met Abraham Lincoln.

[edit] See also

• Kiowa language

[edit] References

[edit] Footnotes

1. ^ Down on Peckerwood Hill: It's the last stop for some Texas prison inmates. By Steve McVicker, April 6, 1995 in the Houston Press. Accessed January 16, 2007.

9485 8589

[edit] Other works consulted

• Boyd, Maurice (1983). Kiowa Voices: Myths, Legends and Folktales. Texas Christian University Press. ISBN 0-912646-76-4
• Corwin, Hugh (1958). The Kiowa Indians, their history and life stories.
• Hoig, Stan (2000). The Kiowas and the Legend of Kicking Bird. Boulder: The University Press of Colorado. ISBN 0-87081-564-4
• Mishkin, Bernard (1988). Rank and Warfare Among The Plains Indians. AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-62903-2
• Richardson, Jane (1988). Law & Status Among the Kiowa Indians (American Ethnological Society Monographs; No 1). AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-62901-6
• Nye, Colonel W.S. (1983). Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1856-3
• Momaday, N. Scott (1977). The Way to Rainy Mountain. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-0436-2

[edit] External links

• Kiowa Collection: Selections from the Papers of Hugh Lenox Scott
• Photographs of Kiowa Indians hosted by the Portal to Texas History
• The Handbook of Texas Online: Kiowa Indians
• Sketch of a Chief of the Kiowas from A pictorial history of Texas, from the earliest visits of European adventurers, to AD 1879, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
• Kiowa ledger drawing in the Smithsonian.
• The Kiowa Five.