Kingdom of Sunda and Galuh
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The Kingdom of Sunda and kingdom of Galuh are twin kingdoms in West Java that emerged from the division of Tarumanagara kingdom. According to Tome Pires (1513) in his travel log, he mentioned that Dayo (Dayeuh) or capital city of Sunda is lies two days travel to south from Kalapa harbour or Sunda Kelapa (now Jakarta) right on the mouth of Ciliwung river.
The information about the two kingdom can be found in inscriptions. The inscriptions scatered around Bogor mentions about the kingdom of Sunda as successor of Tarumanagara, while inscriptions in Sukabumi mentions the situations of Sunda kingdom until the era of Sri Jayabupati.
The capital city of Sunda is suggested to be in the area around Bogor, while the capital of Galuh in the area now known as Ciamis, around the town of Kawali.
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[edit] The Emerging of Sunda and Galuh
[edit] The Division of Tarumanagara
King Tarusbawa from Sunda Sambawa kingdom, has succeed his father in-law to be the 13th king of Tarumanagara. At that time Tarumanagara's prestige and power has been declining, probably due to the series of invasion from Srivijaya. He wish to restore the glory of King Purnawarman that reign from Purasaba (capital city) of Sundapura. In 670 AD, he changes the name of Tarumanagara to Sunda Kingdom. Wretikandayun, the lord of Galuh, used this event as an excuse to brake eastern Taruma apart from Tarusbawa's Sunda.
Since the crown prince of Galuh is the son in-law of Queen Sima of Kalingga, a kingdom in central Java, Wretikandayun with the support from Kalingga demand that the remnant of what was known as Tarumanagara's territorry should be divided into two kingdoms. Finding himself in unfortunate position and willing to avoid civil war, King Tarusbawa granted Wretikandayun's demand. Then in 670 AD Tarumanagara is divided into two kingdoms; the kingdom of Sunda in western part, and kingdom of Galuh occupy the eastern part, divided by Tarum river (Citarum).
[edit] Location of Sunda Capital
King Tarusbawa then build new capital city inland towards the source of Cipakancilan river. According to carita Parahyangan, king Tarusbawa only mentioned as Tohaan (Lord/King) of Sunda. He will be the ancestor of series of Sunda kings that reign until 723 AD.
Sunda recognized as the kingdom name is recorded in two inscriptions that found around Bogor and Sukabumi. The Jayabupati inscriptions in Cibadak has rise speculations that the capital should be around that area. However this claim is not supported by other historical records. The inscriptions only tell that to catch fish in some parts of Citatih river is forbidden, that the area are considered sacred as part of Kabuyutan Sanghiyang Tapak. It is the same as Purnawarman inscriptions at Pasir Muara and Pasir Koleangkak that didn't mention the exact site of Tarumanagara capital.
[edit] Kalingga's Involvement
Since the crown prince of Sunda is died before King Tarusbawa, Princess Tejakencana the daughter of crown prince is hailed as heiress of Sunda. Princess Tejakencana married to Wretikandayun's great grandson, Rakeyan Jamri. In 723 Jamri surpassed Tarusbawa to be the second king of Sunda. As the lord of Sunda he's knoen as Prabu Harisdarma, then when he acquired the throne of Galuh he known as Sanjaya.
Sanjaya also has legitimate right of Kalingga's throne (from his great grandmother side), thus in 732 AD he reign the northern part Kalingga known as Bhumi Mataram. He gave his right of western java to his son from Tejakencana, Prince Tamperan or Rakeyan Panaraban. He is halfbrother of Rakai Panangkaran, Sanjaya's son from Sudiwara. daughter of Dewasinga, King of southern Kalingga.
[edit] Jayabupati inscription
[edit] Contents of the inscription
The origin of the name Sunda being used to identify a kingdom is written on inscription found in Sukabumi area. The inscriptions consist of 40 lines thus requiring 4 piece of stone to write on. This 4 stones is found in the Cicatih river bank in Cibadak area. Three found near Kampung Bantar Muncang, while one are found near Kampung Pangcalikan. The inscriptions is written in ancient Javanese letter. Now the four inscriptions are stored at National Museum Jakarta, with code D 73 (Cicatih), D 96, D 97 and D 98. The contents of the first three inscriptions (according Pleyte):
D 73 : //O// Swasti shakawarsatita 952 karttikamasa tithi dwadashi shuklapa-ksa. ha. ka. ra. wara tambir. iri- ka diwasha nira prahajyan sunda ma-haraja shri jayabhupati jayamana- hen wisnumurtti samarawijaya shaka-labhuwanamandaleswaranindita harogowardhana wikra-mottunggadewa, ma-
D 96 : gaway tepek i purwa sanghyang tapak ginaway denira shri jayabhupati prahajyan sunda. mwang tan hanani baryya baryya shila. irikang lwah tan pangalapa ikan sesini lwah. Makahingan sanghyang tapak wates kapujan i hulu, i sor makahingan ia sanghyang tapak wates kapujan i wungkalagong kalih matangyan pinagawayaken pra-sasti pagepageh. mangmang sapatha.
D 97 : sumpah denira prahajyan sunda. lwirnya nihan.
Translation: Peace and well-being. In the year of Saka 952, Kartika month on the 12th day on the light part, Hariang day, Kaliwon, first day, Wuku Tambir. Today is the day that king of Sunda Maharaja Sri Jayabupati Jayamanahen Wisnumurti Samarawijaya Sakalabuwanamandaleswaranindita Haro Gowardhana Wikramottunggadewa, make his marks on eastern part of Sanghiyang Tapak. Made by Sri Jayabupati King of Sunda. And may there be nobody allowed to break this law. In this part of river catching fish is forbidden, in the sacred area of Sanghyang Tapak near the source of the river. Up until the border of sacred Sanghyang Tapak marked by two big tree. So this inscriptions is made, enforced with an oath.
The oath of the king is written on fourth inscription (D 98). Consisting of 20 lines, the point is he asked a whole supranatural power, deities from heavens and earth to protect and support the king's mandate. Whoever breaks the law will be punished by these supranatural beings, die in horrible way like their brain being sucked, blood being drunk, intestines being destroyed, and chest is split in two. This inscription is closed by the words, "I wruhhanta kamung hyang kabeh" (O being known by thee.., all the spirits).
[edit] The Inscription's Date
The date of the Jayabupati inscription is suggested at October 11, 1030. According to Pustaka Nusantara, Parwa III sarga 1, Sri Jayabupati reigned for 12 years (952 - 964) saka (1030 - 1042AD). Strangely the style of the inscriptions revealing East Javanese style. Not only letters, language, and style, but the noble name of the king is similar to royal names in Darmawangsa's court. Sri Jayabupati in Carita Parahiyangan is mentioned as Prabu Detya Maharaja. He is the 20th king of Sunda after Tarusbawa.
