Kato (tribe)
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Kato is a Pomo word, meaning "lake", and may have referred to an important Cahto village site, which the Kato tribe themselves called Djilbi. Kato is one of the five sub-dialects of the Wailaki group, one of four Athapascan dialect groups in northwestern California.
The sub-dialect groups can hardly be called "tribes", as they were not organized on tribal lines. Although they spoke one language and were aware of their own common ethnic origin, they had no feeling of political solidarity. The term, "Kato tribe", is therefore merely a convenience for the ethnologist.
The Kato are sometimes referred to as "Kaipomo Indians". Their language relates them distantly to the Athapascan people of the Alaskan interior and northern Canada, as well as to the Navajos and Apaches of the Southwest.
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[edit] Historical background
Historically, the Kato lived farthest south of all the Athapascans in California, occupying in particular, Cahto Valley and Long Valley, and, in general, the country south of Blue Rock and between the headwaters of the two main branches of Eel River. This region comprises rolling hills and oak savannas, and is veined with streams, most of which are almost dry during the dry summers, but are torrential during the rainy winters.
The Kato manufactured such articles of stone, bone, horn, wood and skin, as were commonly made in northern California. The primitive costume for both men and women was a tanned deer-skin, wrapped about the waist, and a close-fitting knitted cap, which kept in place the knot of hair at the back of the head. At a later period, the Kato garment included a shirt made of two deer-skins, laced down the front and reaching to the knees. Both men and women generally had tattoos on their faces and the chest designs consisted largely of upright lines, both broken and straight.
In constructing a Kato house, a circular excavation about two feet deep was prepared, and in it, at the corners of a square were erected four forked posts, the front pair being a little higher than the other, so that the roof would have a slight pitch to the rear. The roof was in fact so small that it was of much less importance in determining the final shape of the house than was the circularity of the base. The space between the posts were stuffed with bunches of long grasses, and slabs of wood and bark. An opening in the roof served to carry off smoke, and the doorway was a narrow opening in front from ground to roof. As many as three families occupied one of these little houses, all cooking at the same fire. For summer camps, brush lean-tos were set up. The dog was the only domesticated animal.
Like other Athapascans of the Pacific area, the Kato were not professional warriors, fighting for pleasure and glory, but when their rights were invaded, they could make war with ferocity.
A favorite pastime for the females was to assemble early in the evening for singing in chorus. One of the best singers would lead, and two others kept time by striking one bone with another. They all sat on the ground in the open, and sang one song after another far into the night. The men took no part, but hang around and listened.
In the early 18th century, the Kato lived in approximately 50 village sites. Their land today is the Laytonville Rancheria, with about 129 Kato-Pomo people living there in 1990. A few Kato also live on the Round Valley Reservation. However, most Kato today live in Mendocino County.
[edit] Population
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. (See Population of Native California.) Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) put the 1770 population of the Kato at 500. Sherburne F. Cook (1956:103) estimated the pre-contact populations of the Kato at 1,100. James E. Fartmyers (1978) thought the total might be 50
[edit] Social organization
Each village had its chief, and some villages, a second chief. Generally, the chief’s son succeeded to the office, but if a headman died without sons, the people, by common consent and without formal voting, selected from among themselves the man whom they regarded as best fitted for the place.
The duty of a chief was to be the adviser of his people. When anything of great importance was to be decided, the village chief summoned the council, which comprised all the elder men. Each expressed his opinion, and the chief would go along with the majority decision.
[edit] Social practices
Many of the social practices of the Kato tribe show how strongly they were influenced by the culture of northern-central California.
[edit] Puberty
Children of both sexes were required to observe certain rites at the age of puberty.
[edit] Boys
Annually in midsummer, a group of boys, ranging from 12 to perhaps 16 years old, were led out to a solitary place by two men, one of whom was the teacher. Here, they received instructions in mythology, and the supposed origin of customs, such as the mortuary rites, shamanistic practices and puberty observances. In the winter, these boys assembled again in the ceremonial house and remained there during the four winter months for instructions on tribal folklore.
[edit] Girls
At puberty, a girl began to live a very quiet and abstemious life for five months, remaining always in or near the house, abstaining from meat, and drinking little water. She was not permitted to work, lest she catch a cold. p
[edit] Marriage
Marriage was arranged between the two persons concerned, without consulting anybody else. Having secured a girl’s consent, her lover would sleep with her clandestinely at night, and at dawn, stole away. The secret was preserved as long as possible, perhaps for several days, and the news of the match transpired without formal announcement, even to the girl’s parents, who would learn of their daughter’s marriage in this same, indirect fashion. His marriage, no longer a secret, the young man might then erect a house of his own.
The bond was no more easily tied than loosened, for either could leave the other for any reason whatsoever, the man retaining the male children and the woman, the female. Children were not regarded as belonging any more to the paternal than to the maternal side. When adultery was discovered, the only result was a little bickering and perhaps, an invitation to the offender to take up permanent relations with the new love.
[edit] Funerals
In preparation for burial, a corpse was washed, clothed in good garments, and wrapped in deer skins. A pit is excavated on a dry hillside and the bottom, laid with a floor of poles, covered with bark and several deer skins. On this was deposited the corpse, who is then covered with bark, before throwing in the earth.
The entire population accompanied the bearers to the grave, and wailed loudly. Women, and occasionally men, cut their hair short as a symbol of grief. For persons of prominence, a mourning ceremony would be held in the year following their death. This ceremony marked the end of the mourning period, and those who had hitherto wept, became immediately cheerful and smiling.
[edit] Shamans
The shamans of the Kato tribe were of three classes:
- the 'ŭtiyíņ', who removed, by sucking, the foreign object that caused, or rather was, the disease;
- the 'náchǔlna', who by the use of uncouth costumes and grotesque antics, cured illness caused by fabulous woodland creatures; and
- the 'chģhályiśh', who were not healers at all, but the restored victims of the diminutive "outside people", possessing the faculty of foreseeing the future in dreams.
The ŭtiyíņ became medicine-men by instruction, not by supposedly supernatural agencies; but the others acquired their power solely through dreams. When the old men of a village deemed it advisable to have a new ŭtiyíņ or "sucking doctor", either because of the death of some of the shamans or because of their waning power, the active and the retired shamans selected a promising young man, and with his consent, took him away from the village to a solitary place in the hills. The one who had been selected to be his instructor and "father" would pray and instruct the young man in the secrets of the medicine-men.
When a medicine-man was summoned, any others of that profession who happened to be nearby could come and observe. If the medicine-man first called upon could not effect a cure, he would then ask the assistance of one more capable than himself.
While engaged in his work, a shaman would beseech the unnamed powers for help, naming the various mountains of the region and asking the spirits resident there to assist him. He would also call on Nághai-cho, and occasionally on Chénĕśh.
[edit] Religion
The religious conceptions of the Kato tribe are grouped around two mythological characters: Chénĕśh, the creator, who is identified with thunder and lightning, and his companion, Nághai-cho (“walker great”). The latter is a somewhat mischievous personage, who in the myth, constantly urges Chénĕśh to acts of creation, while pretending that he himself has the knowledge and power to perform them, if only he has the desire to do so.
In mythology, as in other phases of their culture, the Kato tribe showed their susceptibility to the double influence to which they had been exposed. With a fairly logical story of an actual creation of the type prevailing in central California, they preceded it with an account of a race of animal-people who were swept from the earth by the deluge — a theme characteristic of North Pacific Coast mythology.
The creator, Chénĕśh, who is identified with lightning, dwelt in the sky. Below was an expanse of water, with a rim of land in the north. With his companion, Nághai-cho, he descended and turned a monstrous deer into land. Chénĕśh created the people, but Nághai-cho made the mountains and the streams. In everything, the latter tried to outdo Chénĕśh, playing the role, usually assigned to Coyote, the buffoon and trickster, in the mythology of central California.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- Cook, Sherburne F. 1956. "The Aboriginal Population of the North Coast of California". Anthropological Records 16:81-130. University of California, Berkeley.
- Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
- Myers, James E. 1978. "Cahto". In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 244-248. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
