Kalmyk language

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Kalmyk Хальмг келн
Spoken in:	Russia, China, Mongolia
Region:	Kalmykia
Total speakers:	518,500
Language family:	Altaic^[1] (controversial) Mongolic Kalmyk-Oirat Kalmyk
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	`tut`
ISO 639-3:	`xal`
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key.

Kalmyk (Kalmuck, Calmouk, Oirat) is the language of the Kalmyks, spoken in Kalmykia (Russian Federation), Western China and Western Mongolia. There are about 160,000 Kalmyk speakers in each country.

Kalmyk belongs to the Kalmyk-Oirat subgroup of the Mongolic languages. It also has some elements in common with the Uralic and Uyghur languages, and is sometimes speculated to be a member of the disputed Altaic language family.^{[citation needed]} This reflects Kalmyk's origin as the common language of the Oirats, a union of four Kalmyk tribes that absorbed some Ugric and Turkic tribes during their expansion westward.

The literary tradition of Kalmyk reaches back to 11th century when the Uyghur script was used. The official Kalmyk alphabet named Todo Bichig (Clear Script) was created in the 17th century by a Kalmyk Buddhist monk called Zaya Pandit. In 1924 this script was replaced by a Cyrillic script, which was abandoned in 1930 in favor of a Latin script. The Latin script was in turn replaced by another Cyrillic script in 1938. These script reforms effectively disrupted the Kalmyk literary tradition.

The Kalmyks suffered greatly during the Soviet period. Half of all Kalmyk speakers died during the Russian Civil War. Stalin's ethnic cleansings also significantly reduced the population of the Kalmyk people. Until recently, the Kalmyk population in Russia was at lower levels than it had been in 1913. Russian was made the primary official language of Kalmykia, and in 1963 the last Kalmyk language classes were closed and Russian became the language of education for Kalmyk children.

As a result of these policies, many Kalmyks do not speak their ethnic language. Kalmyk linguists, in collaboration with the Kalmyk government, are working to improve this situation. Beginning in 1993, school education in the Kalmyk language was restored.

[edit] Writing systems

The Kalmyk language has been written in a variety of alphabets over the years. Starting in the 11th century, the Kalmyks used the Uyghur script.

The official Kalmyk alphabet named Todo Bichig (Clear Script) was created in the 17th century by a Kalmyk Buddhist monk called Zaya Pandit. It was used by Kalmyks in Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, but Kalmyks in China still use it. In Mongolia, Kalmyk has no official status and does not exist in written form.

The modified Cyrillic alphabet used for the Kalmyk language is as follows:

Cyrillic	IPA	Transliteration	Cyrillic	IPA	Transliteration
Аа	a	a	Оо	ɔ	o
Әә	ə	ä	Өө	o	ö
Бб	p,pʲ	b	Пп	(pʰ ), (pʰʲ )	p
Вв	w,wʲ	v, w	Рр	r,rʲ	r
Гг	ɡ,ɡʲ,ɢ	g	Сс	s	s
Һһ		gh	Тт	tʰ,tʰʲ	t
Дд	t,tʲ	d	Уу	ʊ	u
Ее	je	ye	Үү	u	ü
Ёё	jɔ	yo	Фф	( f )	f
Жж	ʧ	zh	Хх	x,xʲ	h
Җҗ		dzh, j	Цц	ʦʰ	ts
Зз	ʦ	(d)z	Чч	ʧʰ	ch
Ии	i	i	Шш	ʃ	sh
Йй	j	y	Щщ	(sʧ )	shch
Кк	( k ), (kʲ )	k	Ыы	i	y
Лл	ɮ,ɮʲ	l	Ьь	ʲ	'
Мм	m,mʲ	m	Ээ	e	e
Нн	n,nʲ	n	Юю	jʊ	yu
Ңң		ng	Яя	ja	ya