Kabyle language

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Kabyle Taqbaylit (help·info)
Spoken in:	Algeria; immigrant communities in France, Belgium and elsewhere
Region:	Kabylie (Provinces of Tizi Ouzou, Bejaia, Bouira, Boumerdes, Sétif, BBA, and parts of Jijel)
Total speakers:	3,123,000 (1995) [1]—5.5 millions in Algeria, about 7 millions worldwide [2] [3]
Language family:	Afro-Asiatic  Berber   Northern    Kabyle
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	kab
ISO 639-3:	kab
Kabyle-speaking areas (in 1936)
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-​based pronunciation key.

Kabyle is a Berber language (Kabyle: Ṯaqbayliṯ, Taqbaylit (help·info), pronounced /ˌθaq.βajˈliθ/) spoken by the Kabyle people. In 1995, there were 3,123,000 speakers worldwide, the majority in Algeria, where there were more than 2,000,000. However, according to INALCO estimates, there are 5.5 million speakers in Algeria and about 7 million worldwide.

Kabyle was (with some exceptions) rarely written before the 20th century; however, in recent years a small but increasing body of literature has been printed. The originally oral poetry of Si Mohand is particularly notable in this respect. Famous Kabyle singers include Matoub Lounes, Idir and Ait Menguellet.

Contents 1 Classification 2 Geographic distribution 2.1 Official status 2.2 Varieties 3 Phonology 3.1 Vowels 3.2 Consonants 3.3 Assimilation 3.4 Fricatives vs Stops 4 Writing system 5 Grammar 5.1 Nouns and adjectives 5.1.1 Gender 5.1.2 Pluralization 5.1.3 Free and annexed state 5.2 Verbs 5.3 Conjugation 5.4 Verb framing 5.5 Negation 5.6 Verb derivation 5.7 Agent noun 5.8 Action noun 5.9 Predicative particule "d" 6 Pronoun 6.1 Personal pronouns 6.2 Possessive pronouns 6.3 Pronouns of the verb 6.4 Demonstratives 6.5 Numerotation 6.6 Prepositions 6.7 Conjunctions 7 Sample text 8 Bibliography 9 External links 9.1 Online dictionaries

[edit] Classification

The classification of Kabyle is Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern.

[edit] Geographic distribution

Kabyle is a Berber language native to Kabylie, it is present in seven Algerian districts.

The populations of Tizi Ouzou, Béjaïa (Bgayet) and Bouira (Tubiret) are in majority kabyle-speaking. Kabyle is majority language in Bordj Bou Arreridj, Sétif and a minority language in Boumerdes and Jijel where it coexists with Algerian arabic.

Kabyle is also spoken as a mother tongue among the Kabyle diaspora in Algerian and european cities (mainly France). It is estimated that half of Kabyles live outside Kabylie.

[edit] Official status

Berber languages have no official status in Algeria, kabyle faces un unfavourable environnement not to say hostile, however there exist a public radio (Channel II, which dates back to the algerian revolution), and some TV news report on the unique Algerian TV channel, since private ownership of TV channels is illegal in Algeria, Kabyles have launched a private kabyle speaking TV channel that emits from Paris, france (Berbère Télévision).

In 1994, all kabyle pupils and students have boycotted Algerian schools for a year, the kabyle population asked for the officialisation of Berber, but this ended up in the symbolic creation of the "Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité" (HCA) in 1995 and Berber languages were taught as a non-compulsary langue in Berber speaking areas.

After the tragic events of the Black Spring in 2001, The kabyle population organized itself under the label of the Arouch, one of their main revendications was the officialisation of Berber. President Bouteflika who said "Berber will never be an official language, and if it has to be a national language, it has to be submitted to a referendum" had to abdicate in front of the pressure of the Black spring and recognized Berber as a "national language" without a referundum.

In 2005, Bouteflika pronounced himself again about the Berber issue, saying that "there is no country in the world that has two official languages" and that "this will never be the case of Algeria".

[edit] Varieties

From west to east, some linguists distinguish four zones caracterized by three distinct -but intelligibale- pronounciations : At the west of Tizi Ghenif, Kabylie of the Djurdjura, Soummam valley and the zone starting from Bejaïa to the east.

[edit] Phonology

The phonemes below reflect the pronunciation of Kabyle.

[edit] Vowels

Kabyle language has four vowels: (e is not considered to be a true vowel, it just makes the reading easier)

• /a/ (as in "man") [æ]
• /e/ (as in "children") [ə]
• /i/ (as in "ski") [ɪ]
• /u/ (as in "flu") [ʊ]

Historically, schwa (e) is thought to be the result of a pan-Berber reduction or merger of three other vowels. The phonetic realization of the vowels, especially /a/, is highly influenced by the character of the surrounding consonants; emphatic consonants invite a more open realization of the vowel, e.g. aẓru = [az̴ru] 'stone' vs. amud = [æmud] 'seed'.

[edit] Consonants

Kabyle consonant phonemes

		Bilabial	Labio dental	Inter dental		Dental		Sibilant Alveolar		Postal veolar	Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal	Glottal
				Plain	Emph.	Plain	Emph.	Plain	Emph.			Plain	Lab.	Plain	Lab.
Stop	voiceless					t [t]	ṭ [t̴]	tt [ts]			č [tʃ]	k [k]	k [kʷ]	q [q]	q [qʷ]
	voiced	b [b]				d [d]		zz [dz]			ğ [dʒ]	g [g]	g [gʷ]
Fricative	voiceless	b [β]	f [f]	t [θ]				s [s]	ṣ [s̴]	c [ʃ] [ʃˁ]		k [ç]	k [çʷ]	x [χ]	x [χʷ]	ḥ [ħ]	h [h]
	voiced			d [ð]	ḍ [ðˁ]			z [z]	ẓ [z̴]	j [ʒ] [ʒˁ]		g [ʝ]	g [ʝʷ]	γ [ʁ]	γ [ʁʷ]	ε [ʕ]
Nasal		m [m]				n [n]
Lateral						l [l]	l [l̴]
Trill						r [r]	r [r̴]
Approximant		w [w]								y [j]

[edit] Assimilation

Inside the kabyle language there are various accents which are the result of assimilations (these accents are generally devided into western and eastern kabyle), some of these assimilations are present among all kabyle "dialects" and some not. These assimilations are not noted at writing, examples:

• « Axxam n wergaz. » — "The house of the man." is pronounced either « Axxam n wergaz. » or « Axxam bb wergaz » or « Axxam pp wergaz » ...etc. (N+W=BB)
• « D taqcict. » — "It's a girl." is pronounced « Tsaqcict ». (D+T=TS)
• Here is a list of some of these assimilations: D+T=TS, T+T=TS, N+W=BB/PP, I+Y=IG, W+W=BB, Y+Y=GG.

Gemination affects the quality of certain consonants, turning fricatives into stops; in particular, geminated γ becomes qq and y becomes gg.

[edit] Fricatives vs Stops

Kabyle is mostly composed of fricatives phonemes which are originally stops in other berber languages, at writing there is no difference between fricatives and stops. Below is a list of fricatives vs stops and when they are pronounced (note that gemination turns fricatives into stops).

Cononant	B	D	G	K	T
Fricative	/β/ Sound sample (help·info)	/ð/ Sound sample (help·info)	/ʝ/ Sound sample (help·info)	/ç/ Sound sample (help·info)	/θ/ Sound sample (help·info)
Stop	/b/	/d/	/g/	/k/	/t/
Is a stop after	m	l,n	b,j,r,z,ε	f,b,s,l,r,n,ḥ,c,ε	l,n
Is a stop in the words (and their derivatives)			ngeb, ngeḥ, ngeẓwer, angaẓ, ngedwi, nages,ngedwal

[edit] Writing system

Main article: Kabyle alphabet

[edit] Grammar

[edit] Nouns and adjectives

[edit] Gender

As an Afro-Asiatic language, Kabyle has only two genders, Masculine and Feminine. Like most Berber languages, masculine nouns and adjectives generally start with a vowel (a-, i-, u-), while the feminine nouns generally start with t- and end with a -t (there are some exceptions, however). Note that most feminine nouns are in fact feminized versions of masculine nouns.

Examples:

• Aqcic "a boy", taqcict "a girl".
• Amγar "an old man", tamγart "an old woman".
• Argaz "a man", Tameṭṭut "a woman".
• Izi "a fly", Tizit "mosquito".

[edit] Pluralization

Singular nouns generally start with an a-, and do no have a suffix. Plural nouns generally start with an i- and often have a suffix such as -en. There are three types of plural : external, Internal, mix:

• External or "regular": it consists in changing the initial vowel of the noun, and adding a suffix -n,

amγar "an old man" → imγaren "old men".

afus → ifasen "hands"

argaz → irgazen "men"

ul → ulawen "hearts"

• Internal: It involves only a change in the vowels within the word:

adrar → idurar "mountain"

amicic "a cat" → imcac "cats"

• Mix: it combines a change of vowels (within the word) with the suffix -n:

igenni "sky" → igenwan "skies".

izi → izan "fly"

aẓar → iẓuran "root"

[edit] Free and annexed state

As in all Berber languages, Kabyle has two types of states or cases of the noun, organized ergatively: one is unmarked, while the other serves for the subject of a transitive verb and the object of a preposition, among other contexts. The former is often called free state, the latter construct state. The construct state of the noun derives from the free state through one of the following rules:

The first involves a vowel alternation, whereby the vowel a become u :

aqbayli → uqbayli "Kabyle"

ameqqran → umeqqran "big"

adrar → udrar "mountain"

The second involves the loss of the initial vowel, in the case of some feminine nouns (e is not considered to be a true vowel, it just makes the reading easier):

tamγart → temγart "women"

tamdint → temdint "town"

tamurt → tmurt "country"

The third involves the addition of a semi-vowel (w or y) word-initially:

asif → wasif "river"

aḍu → waḍu "wind"

iles → yiles "tongue"

uccen → wuccen "jackal"

Finally, some nouns do not change for free state:

taddart → taddart "village"

tuccent → tuccent "female jackal"

Depending on the role of the noun in the sentence, it takes either its free or annexed state:

• Free: Yewwet aqcic. "He has beaten a boy". (Verb-Object)
• Annexed: Yewwet weqcic. "The boy has beaten". (Verb-Subject)

After a preposition (at the exception of "ar" and "s"), all nouns take their annexed state:

• Free state: Aman (water), Kas n waman (a glass of water).

[edit] Verbs

There are three tenses : the Preterite (past), intensive Aorist (present perfect, present continuous, past continuous) and the future (Ad+Aoriste). Unlike other berber languages, the aorist alone is rarely used in Kabyle (In the other languages it is used to express the present).

• "Weak verbs" have their preterite the same as their aoriste, the examples of weak verbs that follows are conjugated at the first person of the singular:

Verb	Preterite	ad + aorist	Intensive aorist
If (to outdo)	ifeγ	ad ifeγ	ttifeγ
Muqel (to observe)	muqleγ	ad muqleγ	ttmuqleγ
Krez (to plough)	kerzeγ	ad kerzeγ	kerrzeγ

• "Strong verbs" or "irregular verbs":

Verb	Preterite	ad + aorist	Intensive aorist
Aru (to write)	uriγ	ad aruγ	ttaruγ

[edit] Conjugation

Conjugation in kabyle is done by adding suffixes (prefixes, postfixes or both), these suffixes are static, they are identical for all tenses (only the theme changes):

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	— (e)γ	n(e) —
2nd (m)	t(e) — (e)ḍ	t(e) — (e)m
2nd (f)	t(e) — (e)ḍ	t(e) — (e)mt
3rd (m)	i/y(e) —	— (e)n
3rd (f)	t(e) —	— (e)nt

• Example: verb afeg with its four themes : ufeg (preterite), ufig (negative preterite), afeg (aorist), ttafeg (intensive aorist).

Person	Preterite		Negative Preterite		Ad+Aorist		Intensive Aorist		Imperative		Intensive Imperative
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
1st	ufgeγ	nufeg	ur ufigeγ	ur nufig	ad afgeγ	ad nafeg	ttafgeγ	nettafeg
2nd (m)	tufgeḍ	tufgem	ur tufigeḍ	ur tufigem	ad tafgeḍ	ad tefgem	tettafgeḍ	tettafgem	afeg	afget	ttafeg	ttafget
2nd (f)	tufgeḍ	tufgemt	ur tufigeḍ	ur tufigemt	ad tafgeḍ	ad tefgemt	tettafgeḍ	tettafgemt	afeg	afgemt	ttafeg	ttafgemt
3rd (m)	yufeg	ufgen	ur yufig	ur ufigen	ad yafeg	ad afgen	yettafeg	ttafgen
3rd (f)	tufeg	ufgent	ur tufig	ur ufigent	ad tafeg	ad afgent	tettafeg	ttafgent

Preterite Participle		Aorist Participle	Intensive Aorist Participle
Postive	Negative		Postive	Negative
yufgen	ur nufig	ara yafgen	yettafeg	ur nettafeg

[edit] Verb framing

Kabyle is a satellite-framed based language, Kabyle verbs use two particles to show the path of motion:

• d orientates towards the one who's speaking, and could be translated as "here".
• n orientates towards the interlocuter or towards a certain place, and could be translated as "there".

Examples:

• « iruḥ-d » (he came), « iruḥ-n » (he went).
• « awi-d aman» (bring the water), « awi aman » (carry away the water).

[edit] Negation

Kabyle usually expresses negation in two parts, with the particle ur attached to the verb, and one or more negative words that modify the verb or one of its arguments. For example, simple verbal negation is expressed by « ur » before the verb and the particle « ara » after the verb:

• « Urareγ » ("I played") → « Ur urareγ ara » ("I didn't play")

Other negative words (acemmek...etc.) are used in combination with ur to express more complex types of negation.

[edit] Verb derivation

Verb derivation is done by adding suffixes, there are three types of derivation forms : Causative, reflexive and Passive.

• Causative: is obtained by prefixing the verb with s- / sse- / ssu- :

ffeγ "to go out" → ssuffeγ "to make to go out"

kcem "to enter" → ssekcem "to make to enter, to introduce"

irid "to be washed" → ssired "to wash".

• Reflexive: is obtained by prefixing the verb with m- / my(e)- / myu-:

ẓer "to see" → mẓer "to see each other"

ṭṭef "to hold" → myuṭṭaf "to hold each other".

• Passive: is obtained by prefixing the verb with ttu- / ttwa- / tt- / mm(e)- / n- / nn-:

krez "to plough" → ttwakrez "to be ploughed"

ečč "to eat" → mmečč "to be eaten".

• Complex forms: is obtained by combining two or more of the previous prefixes:

enγ "to kill" → mmenγ "to kill each other" → smenγ "to make to kill each other"

Interestingly, two prefixes can cancel each other:

enz "to be sold" → zzenz "to sell" → ttuzenz "to be sold" (ttuzenz = enz !!).

[edit] Agent noun

Every verb has a corresponding agent noun. In english it could be translated into verb+er. It is obtained by prefixing the verb with « am- » or with « an- » if the first letter is b / f / m / w (there are exceptions however).

• Examples:

ṭṭef "to hold" → anaṭṭaf "holder"

inig "to travel" → iminig "traveller"

eks "to graze" → ameksa "shepherd"

[edit] Action noun

Every verb has a corresponding action noun, In english it could be translated into verb+ing:

ffer "to hide" → tuffra "hiding" (stem VI), « Tuffra n tidett ur telhi » — "Hiding the truth is bad".

There 6 regular stems of forming action nouns, the 7th is for quality verbs : (C for consonant, V for vowel)

Stem	Verb	Action noun
I	cvcv	acvcv
II	c(c)vc(c)	ac(c)vc(c)v
III	c(c)ecc	ac(c)ecci
IV	(c)cac(c)	a(c)cac(c)i
V	c1c2ec3	accac
VI	ccec	tuccca
VII	ic1c2vc3	tec1c2ec3

• Examples:

γeẓẓ "to bite" → aγẓaẓ

zdi "to be united" → azday

ini "to say" → timenna

[edit] Predicative particule "d"

The predicative particule "d" is an indispensable tool in speaking kabyle, "d" is equivent to both "it is + adjective" and "to be + adjective", it cannot be replaced by the verb "ili" (to be). It is always followed by a noun (free state).

Examples:

• D taqcict, "it's a girl".
• D nekk, "it's me".
• Nekk d argaz, "I'm a man".
• Akli d anelmad, "Akli is a student".
• Akli yella d anelmad, "Akli was a student".

The predicative particule "d" should not be confused with the particle of coordination "d", indeed, the former is followed by a noun at its annexed state while the first is always followed by a noun at its free state.

[edit] Pronoun

[edit] Personal pronouns

Person	Singular	Plural
1st (m)	nekk / nekkini	nekni
1st (f)	nekk / nekkini	nekkenti
2nd (m)	kečč / keččini	kunwi / kenwi
2nd (f)	kemm / kemmini	kunnemti / kennemti
3rd (m)	netta / nettan / nettani	nutni / nitni
3rd (f)	nettat	nutenti / nitenti

Example : « Ula d nekk. » — "Me too."

[edit] Possessive pronouns

Person	Singular	Plural
1st (m)	(i)w / inu	nneγ
1st (f)	(i)w / inu	nnteγ
2nd (m)	(i)k / inek	nwen
2nd (f)	(i)m / inem	nkent
3rd (m)	(i)s / ines	nsen
3rd (f)	(i)s / ines	nsent

Example : « Axxam-nneγ. » — "Our house." (House-our)

[edit] Pronouns of the verb

• Direct object

Person	Singular	Plural
1st (m)	(i)yi	γ / (y)aγ / naγ / (y)anaγ
1st (f)	(i)yi	γ / (y)aγ / tnaγ / (y)anteγ
2nd (m)	(i)k	(i)ken
2nd (f)	(i)kem	(i)kent
3rd (m)	(i)t	(i)ten
3rd (f)	(i)tt	(i)tent

Example : « Yuγ-it. » — "He bought it." (He.bought-it)

• Indirect object

Person	Singular		Plural
	Long form	Short form	Long form	Short form
1st (m)	(i)yi	yi	γ / (y)aγ	γ
1st (f)	(i)yi	yi	γ / (y)aγ	γ
2nd (m)	(y)ak	k	(y)awen	wen
2nd (f)	(y)am	m	(y)akent	kent
3rd (m)	(y)as	s	(y)asen	sen
3rd (f)	(y)as	s	(y)asent	sent

• Example : « Yenna-yas. » — "He said to him." (He.said-to.him)
• Complex example (Mixing indirect and direct object) : « Yefka-yas-t. » — "He gave it to him." (He.gave-to.him-it)

[edit] Demonstratives

There are three demonstratives, near-deictic ('this, these'), far-deictic ('that, those') and absence:

• Suffix: Used with a noun, example : « Axxam-agi» — "This house." (House-this).

Near-deictic		Far-deictic		Absence
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
(y)a / (y)agi	(y)agini	(y)ihin / (y)ihinna	(y)inna	nni

• Isolated : Used when we omit the subject we are speaking about : «Wagi yelha» — "This is nice." (This-is.nice)

	Near-deictic		Far-deictic		Absence
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
masculine	wa/ wagi/ wagini	wi/ wigi/ wigini	wihin / wihinna	wihid / wihidak widak-inna / wigad-inna widak-ihin / wigad-ihin	win / winna	wid / wid-nni widak / widak-nni wigad-nni
feminine	ta / tagi / tagini	ti / tigi / tigini	tihin / tihinna	tihid / tihidak tidak-inna / tigad-inna tidak-ihin / tigad-ihin	tin / tinna	tid / tid-nni tidak / tidak-nni tigad-nni

[edit] Numerotation

Only the first two numbers are Berber; for higher numbers, Arabic is used. They are yiwen (f. yiwet) "one", sin (f. snat) "two". The noun being counted follows it in the genitive: sin n yirgazen "two men".

"First" and "last" are respectively amezwaru and aneggaru (regular adjectives). Other ordinals are formed with the prefix wis (f. tis): wis sin "second (m.)", tis tlata "third (f.)", etc.

[edit] Prepositions

Prepositions precede their objects: « i medden » "to the people", « si temdint » "from the town". All words preceded by a preposition (at the exception of « s » and « ar », "towards", "untill" ) take their annexed state.

Some prepositions have two forms : one is used with pronominal suffixes and the other form is used in all other contexts.

Also some of these prepositions have a corresponding relative pronoun (or interrogative), example:

« i » "for/to" → « iwumi » "to whom"

« Tefka aksum i wemcic » "she gave meet to the cat" → « Amcic iwumi tefka aksum » "The cat to whom she gave meet"

Kabyle prepositions

Preposition	With suffixes	translation equivalent	Corresponding Relative pronoun	translation equivalent
d	yid- / did-	'and, with, in the company of'	(w)ukud / wi d	'with whom'
i	—	'for, to' (dative)	iwumi / iwimi / imi / umi / mi	'to whom' (dative) / 'whose'
γer / ar	—	'to' (direction)	iγer / γer way / (s)aniγer / (s)awier / γer	'to' (direction)
s	—	'to' (direction)	sani	'to' (direction)
γur	—	'among'	(w)uγur / γur	'among'
γef / af / f	fell-	'on; because of; about'	iγef / γef way / γef wadeg / γef	'on what'
deg / g / di	—	'in'	ideg / deg way / deg waydeg / anda / deg	'where'
seg / si / g	—	'from'	iseg / seg way / ansi	'from where'
s	iss- / yiss- / yis-	'with, by means of, using' (instrumental)	s ways / s wacu / s / iss / is	'with what' (instrumental)
ger	gar-	'between'	—	—
n	—	'of'	—	—
nnig / senning	—	'on top of'	—	—
ddaw / seddaw	—	'beneath, under'	—	—
ar	—	'until'	—	—
deffir	—	'behind'	—	—
zdat / zzat	—	'in front of'	—	—
am	—	'like, as'	—	—

[edit] Conjunctions

Conjunctions precede the verb: mi yiwweḍ "when he arrived", muqel ma yusa-d "see if he came".

[edit] Sample text

In. MOULIERAS (Auguste), les fourberies de si Djeh'a.

Aqerruy n tixsi

Ewe Head

Yiwen wass, Ğeḥḥa yefka-yas baba-s frank, akken ad d-yaγ aqerruy n tixsi. Yuγ-it-id, yečča akk aksum-is. Yeqqim-d uceqlal d ilem, yewwi-yas-t-id i baba-s. Ihi, mi t-iwala yenna-yas: "acu-t wa?" yenna-yas: "d aqerruy n tixsi". -A ccmata, anida llan imeẓẓuγen-is? -Tella d taεeẓẓugt. -Anida llan wallen-is? -Tella d taderγalt. -Anida yella yiles-is? -Tella d tagugamt. -I weglim n uqerruy-is, anida yella? -Tella d taferḍast.

One day, Jehha's father gave him one cent, so that he buys an ewe head. He bought it, and ate all of its meet. Only an empty carcass was left, he brought it to his father. Then, when he saw it he said: "what is that?" Jehha said: "an ewe head". -You vile, where are its ears (the ewe)? -It was deaf. -Where are its eyes? -It was blind. -Where is its tongue? -It was dumb. -And the skin of its head, where is it? -It was bald.

IPA transcription : æqərruj ən θiχsi

Word by word translation : head of ewe

jiwən wæss, dʒəħħæ jəfkæ-jæs βæβæ-s frank, ækkən æ d-jæʁ æqərruj ən θiχsi. Yuʁ-iθ-id, yətʃtʃæ ækʷ æçsum-is. Yəqqim-d uʃəqlæl ð iləm, jəwwi-jæs-θ-id i βæβæ-s. Ihi, mi θ-iwælæ jənnæ-jæs: "æʃu-θ wæ?" jənnæ-jæs: "ð æqərruj ən θiχsi". -æ ʃʃmætæ, ænidæ llæn iməz̴z̴uʁn-is? -θəllæ ts aʕəz̴z̴ugt. -ænidæ llæn wælln-is? -θəllæ ts æðərʁælθ. -ænidæ jəllæ jils-is? -θəllæ ts æʝuʝæmθ. -i wəʝlim ən uqərruj-is, ænidæ jəllæ? -θəllæ ts æfərðˁast.

One day, Jehha he.gave-to.him father-his cent, so.that he.buys head of ewe. He.bought-it-here, he.ate all meet-its. Stayed-here carcass it.is empty, he.brought-to.him-it-here to father-his. Then, when it-he.saw he.said-to.him: "what-it that?" he.said-to.him: "head of ewe". -Oh vile, where are ears-its? -She.was it.is deaf. -Where are eyes-its? -She.was it.is blind. -Where is tongue-its? -She.was it.is dumb. -And skin of head-its, where it.is? -She.was bald.

Note: the predicative particule d was translated as "it.is", the particule of direction d was translated as "here".

[edit] Bibliography

• Kamal Nait-Zerrad. Grammaire moderne du kabyle, tajerrumt tatrart n teqbaylit. Editions KARTHALA, 2001. ISBN 978-2-84586-172-5
• Dallet, Jean-Marie. 1982. Dictionnaire kabyle–français, parler des At Mangellet, Algérie. Études etholinguistiques Maghreb–Sahara 1, ser. eds. Salem Chaker, and Marceau Gast. Paris: Société d’études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France.

[edit] External links

• imyura.com, a website written in Kabyle.
• tamazight.fr, another website written in Kabyle.
• Unofficial Kabyle wikipedia
• MAK, Timanit i Tmurt n Iqvayliyen

[edit] Online dictionaries

• kabyle.com Sort of wikitionary.
• MAK
• Danoun.
• Glossary of nelogisms by imedyazen.