Jurassic Park (film)

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This article is about the 1993 film. For other uses, see Jurassic Park (disambiguation).
Jurassic Park
Directed by Steven Spielberg
Produced by Kathleen Kennedy
Gerald R. Molen
Written by Screenplay
David Koepp
Malia Scotch Marmo
Michael Crichton
Novel:
Michael Crichton
Starring Sam Neill
Laura Dern
Jeff Goldblum
Richard Attenborough
Joseph Mazzello
Ariana Richards
Bob Peck
Samuel L. Jackson
Wayne Knight
Music by John Williams
Cinematography Dean Cundey
Editing by Michael Kahn
Distributed by Universal Pictures
Release date(s) June 11, 1993
Running time 127 min
Country Flag of United States United States
Language English
Budget $95,000,000[1]
Gross profits $914,691,118
Followed by The Lost World: Jurassic Park
All Movie Guide profile
IMDb profile

Jurassic Park is a 1993 science fiction film directed by Steven Spielberg, based upon the novel of the same name written by Michael Crichton. The story involves scientists visiting an amusement park of genetically engineered dinosaurs on an island over one weekend. Sabotage sets the carnivorous dinosaurs on the loose, and technicians and visitors attempt to escape the island. The film stars Sam Neill, Jeff Goldblum, Laura Dern and Richard Attenborough.

The film began its genesis before the novel was even published, and Crichton was hired to write a script that skimmed down its plot. Spielberg hired Stan Winston Studios' puppets and worked with Industrial Light and Magic to develop cutting edge CGI to portray the dinosaurs. It was well received by critics, although they criticised the characterisation. Since its release it has grossed $914,691,118 and is currently the eighth-highest grossing feature film. Most significantly, the film inspired a new breed of films that primarily used CGI for special effects. The film was followed by The Lost World: Jurassic Park in 1997 and by Jurassic Park III in 2001, and a fourth film is in development.

Contents

[edit] Plot

Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
A Brachiosaurus seen by John Hammond, Alan Grant & Ellie Sattler
A Brachiosaurus seen by John Hammond, Alan Grant & Ellie Sattler

An InGen employee is killed while releasing a Velociraptor into a penhold, prompting a $20 million lawsuit from his family. CEO John Hammond invites Drs. Alan Grant and Ellie Sattler, as well as chaos theorist Dr. Ian Malcolm and his investors' attorney Donald Gennaro to visit Isla Nublar. He must do this to make sure the park is considered safe by experts before being opened to the public. There they witness living dinosaurs, and learn in a film and tour of InGen labs that they recreated the dinosaurs by cloning genetic material found in mosquitoes, preserved in Dominican amber, that had fed on dinosaur blood. The DNA from these samples is spliced with DNA from frogs to fill in any gaps, and, to keep control, all of the dinosaurs are female. The team also witnesses the birth of a Velociraptor, and learns of the intelligent adults at their pen during feeding time.

The scientists are concerned, but Grant remains neutral. They meet Hammond's grandchildren, Alexis and Tim Murphy, and go on a vehicular tour of the park. Ellie leaves to take care of a sick Triceratops, while the rest continue the tour. A storm soon hits the island and most InGen employees leave, bar Hammond, game warden Robert Muldoon, chief engineer Ray Arnold, and lead computer programmer Dennis Nedry. Commissioned by rival company Biosyn, Nedry takes the opportunity to shut down the park's security system so he can steal dinosaur embryos and deliver them to an auxiliary dock. Thus, a Tyrannosaurus breaks through the electric fence surrounding its pen, killing Gennaro, wounding Malcolm and attacks Tim and Lex in their car. Grant and Lex escape by climbing down the side of the concrete moat, though Tim is trapped within a car high up in a tree. Meanwhile, Ellie and Muldoon rescue Malcolm and are nearly eaten by the T. rex during an intense chase. Nedry crashes his car and after trying to fix it is killed by a Dilophosaurus. Grant calms Lex down by convincing her he's not going to leave them and goes to find Tim. He finds the car and rescues him, and only narrowly escape falling the car. Grant, Tim, and Lex sleep in another tree and feed a Brachiosaurus the next morning. They discover some of the dinosaurs are breeding as a result of the frog DNA which enables them to change gender, and witness the T. rex attacking a flock of Gallimimus.

The Tyrannosaurus rex in the film's ending sequence
The Tyrannosaurus rex in the film's ending sequence

Arnold tries to hack Nedry’s computer to turn the power back on, fails, and leaves to turn it back on manually. He doesn't return after about 15 minutes, and Ellie and Muldoon go to turn the power back on and discover the raptors have escaped. Muldoon tells Ellie to go to the Utility shed herself and turn the power back on while he hunts Raptors that have been stalking them. Tim is climbing an electric fence at the moment when Ellie manages to turn the power back on, but luckily he survives. Muldoon is attacked and killed by a lurking raptor whilst Ellie escapes from one after discovering Arnold's remains and meets up with Grant. They both go back to Malcolm and Hammond, and Grant takes a shotgun after learning that the raptors have escaped their pen. Lex and Tim narrowly escape two of the raptors in the kitchen and, using her computer skills, Lex reboots the mainframe in order to call Hammond to get a helicopter while Grant and Ellie hold off a raptor trying to open the door to the computer room. After a battle on top of the fossil exhibits where the raptors block their escape routes, the Tyrannosaurus comes and easily kills the two raptors. Grant tells Hammond that he will not endorse Hammond's park, a choice with which Hammond concurs. They escape along with Ellie, Tim, Lex and Malcolm. Flying away in the helicopter, the children fall asleep beside Grant, who contemplatively watches the birds flying nearby — surviving relatives of the dinosaurs they escaped.

[edit] Cast

L to R: Donald Gennaro, Ellie Sattler, John Hammond, Alan Grant and Ian Malcolm
L to R: Donald Gennaro, Ellie Sattler, John Hammond, Alan Grant and Ian Malcolm
Main article: List of characters in Jurassic Park
  • Sam Neill as Dr. Alan Grant: A paleontologist excavating Velociraptor fossils in the Montanan Badlands. He dislikes children, frightening one with a talon of a raptor, but he soon has to protect Hammond's grandchildren. Neill was Spielberg's original choice, but was busy. Spielberg then met Richard Dreyfuss and Kurt Russell, who were too expensive, and William Hurt turned down the role.[2] Spielberg then pushed back filming a month to let Neill play the character: he wound up only having a weekend's break between filming Family Pictures and Jurassic Park. Neill prepared for the role by meeting Jack Horner.[3]
  • Laura Dern as Dr. Ellie Sattler: A paleobotanist and Grant's girlfriend. Dern also met Horner and visited the Los Angeles Natural History Museum, learning to prepare a fossil.[4]
  • Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm: A mathematician and chaos theorist. He forewarns the danger of resurrecting dinosaurs and becomes Hammond's main opposition. He also falls for Sattler, another in a long line of romantic interests. Goldblum was Spielberg's first choice,[4] and is a big fan of dinosaurs.[5] To prepare for his role, Goldblum researched the Chaos Theory, which included arranging a meeting with James Gleick and Ivar Ekeland to discuss the theory.[6] Coincidentally to their romantic tension in the film, Goldblum began a real life romance with Dern.[7]
  • Richard Attenborough as John Hammond: CEO of InGen and architect of Jurassic Park. Attenborough had not acted in a film since 1979's The Human Factor.[8]
  • Ariana Richards as Alexis "Lex" Murphy: Hammond's granddaughter, a vegetarian and self-professed computer hacker.
  • Joseph Mazzello as Timothy "Tim" Murphy: Lex's younger brother, into dinosaurs. He has read Grant's numerous books.
  • Wayne Knight as Dennis Nedry: The disgruntled architect of Jurassic Park's computer systems. He is bribed by Biosyn agent Lewis Dodgson for $1.5 million to deliver frozen dinosaur embryos.
  • Samuel L. Jackson as Ray Arnold: The park's chief engineer. He switches off the main power to reboot the mainframe — but unwittingly unleashes the raptors in doing so.
  • Bob Peck as Robert Muldoon: The park's game warden. He is concerned by the intelligence of the raptors, and would have them all destroyed.
  • Martin Ferrero as Donald Gennaro: A lawyer who represents Hammond's concerned investors.
  • B. D. Wong as Dr. Henry Wu: The park's chief geneticist. He made all the dinosaurs female and lysine deficient. He leaves during the storm.
  • Gerald R. Molen as Gerry Harding: The park's veterinarian, who only appears to take care of the Triceratops.
  • Cameron Thor as Lewis Dodgson: He bribes Nedry.
  • Dean Cundey as the Dockworker who Nedry talks to on the computer.
  • Richard Kiley as himself, as the voice of the car tour guide.

[edit] Production

Michael Crichton conceived a screenplay about a boy who recreates a dinosaur: following this, he wrestled with his fascination with dinosaurs and cloning until he was writing the novel Jurassic Park.[9] Spielberg learned of it in October 1989 while discussing with Crichton a screenplay that would become the TV series E.R.[10] Before the book was published, Crichton put up a non-negotiable fee for $1.5 million as well as a substantial percentage of the gross. Warner Bros. and Tim Burton, Columbia Tristar and Richard Donner and 20th Century Fox and Joe Dante bidded for the rights,[11] before Universal acquired them in May 1990 for Spielberg.[12]

Universal further paid Crichton $500,000 to adapt his own novel,[13] which he finished by the time Spielberg was filming Hook. Crichton noted that because the book was "fairly long", his script only had "somewhere between 10 - 20 percent of the content", dropping scenes for budgetry and practical reasons.[14] Concurrently, Spielberg hired Stan Winston to create the animatronic dinosaurs, Phil Tippett to create go motion dinosaurs for longshots, and Michael Lantieri and Dennis Muren to supervise the on set effects and the digital compositing respectively. Paleontologist Jack Horner supervised the designs, to help commit to Spielberg's desire of portraying the dinosaurs as animals rather than monsters.[15] Horner dismissed the raptor's flicking tongues in Tippett's animatics,[15] complaining that "They [the dinosaurs] have no way of doing that!" Based on Horner's complaint, Spielberg insisted that Tippet "take the tongues out."[16]

After completing Hook, Spielberg wanted to film Schindler's List. MCA president Sid Sheinberg greenlit the film on one condition: that Spielberg make Jurassic Park first. Spielberg later said that "He knew that once I had directed Schindler I wouldn't be able to do Jurassic Park".[17] Malia Scotch Marmo rewrote the script from scratch beginning in October 1991 over five months, notably deleting Ian Malcolm.[18] Winston's department created fully detailed models, before molding latex skins which were folded over onto complex robotics.[15] Tippett created stop-motion animatics of major scenes but despite go-motion's attempts at motion blurs, Spielberg still found the end results unsatisfactory in terms of working in a live-action feature film.[15] Animators Mark Dippe and Steve Williams went ahead in creating a computer generated walk cycle for the T. rex skeleton and were approved to do more.[19] When Spielberg and Tippett saw an animatic of the T. rex chasing a herd of Gallimimus, Spielberg said "You're out of a job", to which Tippett replied "Don't you mean extinct?"[15] Spielberg later wrote both the animatic and his dialogue between him and Tippett into the script.[20]

David Koepp came on board afterward and trimmed much of the exposition via Spielberg's idea of a cartoon.[21] Spielberg also excised a number of attacks on people by Procompsognathuses, as he felt the subplot was too horrific.[22] In terms of characterisation, Hammond was changed from a ruthless businessman to a kindly old man, as Spielberg admitted he identified with Hammond's obsession with showmanship.[23] He also switched the characters of Tim and Lex; in the book, Tim is aged 11 and into computers, and Lex is only seven or eight and into sports. Spielberg did this as he wanted to work with Joseph Mazello, and it also allowed him to introduce the subplot of Lex's adolescent crush on Grant.[24] Crucially, Koepp changed Grant's relationship with the children, making him hostile to them initially to allow for more character development.[11] Koepp also took the opportunity to cut out a major sequence from the book where the T. rex chases Grant and the children down a river before being tranquilized by Muldoon for budget reasons.[25] After exactly two years and one month of pre-production, filming began on August 24, 1992 on the Hawaiian island of Kauaʻi.[26] The three week shoot[12] involved the visitors' arrival to the Park, Grant and the children climbing the electric fence[27] and various other daytime exteriors. On September 11, while filming, the eye of Hurricane Iniki passed directly over Kauaʻi, but fortunately for the crew they only lost one day of shooting.[28]

Due to Hurricane Iniki, some of the scenes scheduled to be shot on Kaua'i were moved to Oahu instead, such as the Gallimimus herd scene.[20] The crew moved back to the mainland U.S.A. to shoot at Universal Studios, for scenes involving the raptors in the Kitchen on Stage 24[12] and the power supply on Stage 23[29] before going on location in the Red Rock Canyon for the Montana dig.[29] The crew returned to Universal to shoot Grant's retrieval of Tim, using a fifty-foot prop with hydraulic wheels for the car fall, and the Brachiosaurus encounter. The crew proceeded to film scenes in the Park's labs and control room, which used animations for the computers loaned from Silicon Graphics and Apple Inc..[30] This is visible as Nedry talks to the dockworker, which is in fact a recorded video file as shown by the progress bar.[31] The crew moved to Warner Bros. Studios' Stage 16 to shoot the T. rex attack on the tour cars.[30] Shooting proved frustrating due to water soaking the foam rubber skin of the animatronic dinosaur.[32] Back at Universal, the crew filmed scenes with the Dilophosaurus on Stage 27.[33] Finally, the shoot finished with the climactic chases with the raptors in the Park's computer rooms and Visitor's Centre on Stage 12.[33] Spielberg bought back the T. rex for the climax, nixing his original ending of Grant using a platform machine to maneuver a raptor into a fossil tyrannosaurs jaws.[34] The film wrapped twelve days ahead of schedule on November 30,[35][12][36] and within days Michael Kahn had a rough cut ready, allowing Spielberg to go ahead with filming Schindler's List.[37]

Special effects work continued on the film, with Tippett's unit adjusting to new technology with Dinosaur Input Devices: models which fed information into the computers to allow themselves to animate the characters traditionally.[15] In addition they acted out scenes with the raptors and Gallimimus.[15] As well as the computer generated dinosaurs, ILM also created elements such as water splashing and digital face replacement for Ariana Richard's stunt double.[15] Spielberg monitored their progress from Poland[38] and by the end of April[39] the sound effects crew, supervised by George Lucas[40] was finished. Unlike many other films, composer John Williams worked with them, beginning at the end of February,[41] and the score was being conducted a month later with orchestrations by John Neufeld and Alexander Courage.[39] Jurassic Park was finally completed on May 28, 1993.[38]

[edit] Dinosaurs on screen

See also: Biological issues in Jurassic Park

Despite the title of the film most of the dinosaurs featured did not exist until the Cretaceous period.

  • Tyrannosaurus, dubbed "T-Rex" informally in the film, is the star of the film according to Spielberg, being the reason he rewrote the ending for fear of disappointing the audience.[15] Winston's rex animatronic stood 20 feet, weighed 13,000 pounds.[42] and was 40 feet long.[43] Jack Horner called it "the closest I've ever been to a live dinosaur".[43] Despite his comment, the head is more boxy and there is no scientific evidence for having a vision based on movement. The rex's roar is a baby elephant mixed with a tiger and an alligator and its breath is a whale's blowhole.[44] A dog attacking a ball was used for the sounds of it tearing a Gallimimus apart.[15]
  • Velociraptor, dubbed raptors in the film, also has a major role, although those depicted are not based on the actual species in question, which is significantly smaller. It was instead based on its larger relative, Deinonychus, which was at the time called Velociraptor antirrhopus.[45] Spielberg also changed it for dramatic reasons, and when Utahraptor was discovered before the film's release, Stan Winston jokingly said "We made it, then they discovered it".[43] For the scene with Bob Peck, the raptors are played by men in suits.[33] Dolphin screams, walrus bellowing, geese hissing, an African crane's mating call and human rasps are within the raptor sound mix.[44][15]
  • Dilophosaurus was also very different from its real life counterpart, made significantly smaller to make sure audiences did not confuse it with the raptors,and also that it would not overshadow the film's star, Tyrannosaurus.[46] It has a frill and spits venom, aspects of which are fictional. Its vocal sounds were made by combining a swan, a hawk, and a rattlesnake together.[15]
  • Brachiosaurus is inaccurately depicted as chewing its food. Despite scientific evidence of them having limited vocal capabilities, sound designer Gary Rydstrom decided to represent them with whale songs and donkey calls to give them a melodic sense of wonder.[41]
  • Triceratops has an extended cameo. Its appearance was a particular logistical nightmare for Stan Winston when Spielberg requested to shoot the animatronic of the sick creature earlier than expected.[47] Winston also created a baby Triceratops for Ariana Richards to ride, which was cut from the film for pacing reasons.[48]
  • Gallimimus and Parasaurolophus' roles are mainly cameos, the latter appearing in the first encounter with the Brachiosaurus. Gallimimus appears in the scene where Dr. Grant, Lex and Tim are wandering across the open field. A herd/flock of Gallimimus come running in, with the Tyrannosaurus following.

[edit] Release

With $65 million, the marketing campaign for Jurassic Park was huge yet shrouded in secrecy. The trailers only gave fleeting glimpses of the dinosaurs,[49] a move journalist Josh Horowitz described as "that old Spielberg axiom of never revealing too much" when Spielberg and director Michael Bay did the same for their production of Transformers in 2007.[50] The film was marketed with the tagline An adventure 65 million years in the making, which was an on-set joke of Spielberg's regarding the genuine mosquito in amber used for Hammond's walking stick.[51] Universal made deals with 100 companies to market 1000 products.[52] These included three Jurassic Park video games by SEGA and Ocean Software,[53] a toy line by Kenner that was distributed by Hasbro,[54] and a novelization aimed at young children.[55] The released soundtrack even included unused material.[56]

The film had its premiere at the National Building Museum on June 9, 1993 in Washington D.C.,[57] in support of two children's charities.[58] Following the film's release, a travelling exhibition began.[59] Steve Englehart wrote a series of comic books published by Topps Comics. They acted as a continuation of the film, consisting of the two issue Raptor, and Raptors Attack, Raptors Hijack and Return to Jurassic Park, which were four issues each. Return to Jurassic Park was to continue for another four issues but was cancelled. All published issues were republished under the single title Jurassic Park Adventures in the U.S.A., and as Jurassic Park in the U.K.[60] Ocean Software released a game sequel entitled Jurassic Park Part 2: The Chaos Continues in 1994 on Game Boy.[53]

The Jurassic Park Ride began development in November 1990[61] and premiered at Universal Studios Hollywood on June 15, 1996[62] to the cost of $110 million.[61] Islands of Adventure in Orlando, Florida has an entire section of the park dedicated to Jurassic Park which includes the main ride, here christened Jurassic Park River Adventure which opened in March 1999, and many smaller rides and attractions based on the Jurassic Park series.[63] At 85 feet, the drop at the Orlando ride is the deepest ever built.[64] The Universal Studios theme park rides themselves act as a kind of sequel to the films. They supposedly contact Hammond to rebuild his park at their ride location.[62]

The film made its VHS debut on October 4, 1994.[65] The film was first released on DVD on October 10, 2000,[66] The film was also packaged with The Lost World: Jurassic Park[67] before being repackaged with the third film on December 11, 2001.[68] On November 29, 2005, the trilogy got a double-dip with the Jurassic Park Adventure Pack.[69]

[edit] Reaction

The film received modestly positive reviews. High praise was heaped on the visual effects, although there was a lot of criticism levelled at the characterization. Janet Maslin in The New York Times called it "a true movie milestone, presenting awe- and fear-inspiring sights never before seen on the screen....On paper, this story is tailor-made for Mr. Spielberg's talents...[but] [i]t becomes less crisp on screen than it was on the page, with much of the enjoyable jargon either mumbled confusingly or otherwise thrown away."[70] In Rolling Stone, Peter Travers described the film as "colossal entertainment - the eye-popping, mind-bending, kick-out-the-jams thrill ride of summer and probably the year....Compared with the dinos, the characters are dry bones, indeed. Crichton and co-screenwriter David Koepp have flattened them into nonentities on the trip from page to screen."[71] Roger Ebert noted, "The movie delivers all too well on its promise to show us dinosaurs. We see them early and often, and they are indeed a triumph of special effects artistry, but the movie is lacking other qualities that it needs even more, such as a sense of awe and wonderment, and strong human story values."[72] Henry Sheehan argued that "the complaints over Jurassic Park's lack of story and character sound a little off the point" when he discussed the story arc of Grant learning to protect Hammond's granchildren despite his initial dislike of them.[23]

The film went on to become the most financially successful film of all time, beating E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial which previously held the title. Spielberg earned over $250 million from the film.[73] However, it did not top E.T. domestically.[74] The film opened with $47 million in its first weekend,[75] and it grossed $81.7 million by its first week.[76] The film stayed at number one for three weeks and eventually grossed $357 million domestically.[77] The film also did very well in foreign markets, breaking records in the U.K., Japan, South Korea, Mexico and Taiwan.[78] It would be topped five years later by James Cameron's Titanic.

The movie won all three Academy Awards it was nominated for: Visual Effects, Sound Effects Editing, and Sound. It won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation[79] and the Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film,[80] Best Direction,[81] Best Writing for Crichton and Koepp,[82] and Best Special Effects.[83] The film won the People's Choice Awards for Favorite All-Around Motion Picture.[84] Young Artist Awards were given to Ariana Richards and Joseph Mazzello, with the film winning an Outstanding Action/Adventure Family Motion Picture award.[85] The film won honours outside of the U.S., such as the BAFTA for Best Special Effects, as well as the Award for the Public's Favourite Film,[86] and Awards for Best Foreign Language Film from the Japanese Academy, Mainichi Eiga Concours and Blue Ribbon, and the Czech Lions.[87]

Since the film's release it has become very popular. It is ranked as fresh on Rotten Tomatoes with an 87% positive rating, with 26 out of 30 critics giving it positive reviews, while the users rank it 95%.[88] The American Film Institute named Jurassic Park the 35th most thrilling film of all time on June 13, 2001,[89] and Bravo chose a scene from it as the 95th scariest scene of all time in 2005.[90] In 2004 on their fifteenth anniversary, Empire called it the sixth most influential film of their lifetime.[91] Upon their fifty-fifth anniversary in 2005, Film Review declared it one of the five most important films of their lifetime.[92] In 2006, IGN ranked Jurassic Park as the 19th greatest film franchise of all time.[93]

The most significant impact of the film was the revelation of realistic computer generated imagery to be used in the film industry. Following its release, Stan Winston joined together with IBM and director James Cameron to form Digital Domain, saying "if I didn't get involved, I was going to become the dinosaur".[94] Alex Billington declared it as a film that was ahead of its time, saying "Who would've thought you could've created dinosaurs that looked that lifelike back in 1993. Even using the animatronics system that they did, this was a far step ahead of anything at the time. Then the stories surrounding how horrifically real the dinosaurs were fueled its popularity even more. And the best part is that they look better in this movie than any more recent CGI creations."[95] Jurassic Park has inspired films and documentaries such as Godzilla, Carnosaur and Walking with Dinosaurs,[91] as well as numerous parodies. When he saw the film, Stanley Kubrick felt A.I. was possible.[91] With the newly avaliable technology, George Lucas started to make the Star Wars prequels,[96] and Peter Jackson began to re-explore his childhood love of fantasy films, a path that led him onto The Lord of the Rings and King Kong.[97]

[edit] References

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