Junction Railroad (Philadelphia)

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The Junction Railroad was a railroad in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, connecting lines west of downtown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It came under Pennsylvania Railroad control in 1881, and was eliminated by merger in 1908.

[edit] History

The Junction Railroad was incorporated on May 3, 1860 to connect the Philadelphia and Reading Rail Road, Pennsylvania Railroad, and Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad through West Philadelphia, across the Schuylkill River from downtown.^[1] At the time there were four lines into downtown Philadelphia from the west:

The Reading's main line ran along the west (right) bank of the Schuylkill to Belmont, where it crossed to the east bank and entered downtown from the northwest.
The Pennsylvania's main line hit the west shore of the Schuylkill near 32nd Street, turning southeast and crossing the Schuylkill along Market Street into downtown from the west.
The West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad came from the west, meeting the west shore near Grays Ferry. It turned northeast near the river, ending up along 31st Street and ending at Market Street.
The PW&B came from the southwest along the current R1 Airport line and crossed the Schuylkill at Grays Ferry, entering downtown from the south.

The Reading, Pennsylvania, and PW&B each bought a one-third share in the Junction Railroad on August 1, 1861, and the company was organized on October 3.^[2] Construction began from Belmont to West Philadelphia in 1862, including trackage rights along the PRR between 35th Street (now Zoo Interlocking) and Market Street;^[3] this opened on November 23, 1863. From West Philadelphia south to Grays Ferry, the Junction Railroad mostly paralleled the WC&P, and had to cross it somewhere, leading to a dispute between the two companies and a delay in opening the southern half.^[4] One track opened south of the WC&P crossing at Spruce Street in December 1864, giving a temporary routing via the WC&P through West Philadelphia.^[5] The final portion, from Market Street to Spruce Street, including the Market Street Tunnel, opened on July 1, 1866.^[6]

The Connecting Railway, operated by the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad, opened in 1867.^[7] It served as another connecting link, running from the Junction Railroad and PRR main line at Zoo Interlocking east to the lines heading north from downtown.

In 1871, the south end was reconfigured due to the Darby Improvement, which moved the PW&B to the current Northeast Corridor alignment;^[8] the old alignment was leased to the Reading in 1873. The Reading began operating passenger trains over the entire Junction Railroad on September 3, 1873, with a transfer to the PW&B at Grays Ferry.^[9] On April 1, 1876, the Reading leased the northern piece of the line for a year to access a temporary station for U.S. centennial celebrations.^[10]

The PRR ownership of the middle portion led to problems starting in 1880, when the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad shifted its New York traffic coming off the PW&B to the Delaware and Bound Brook Railroad, using the entire Junction Railroad to Belmont. The PRR gained control of the PW&B in 1881, forcing the B&O to build the Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad to retain Philadelphia access; this line completely avoided the Junction Railroad by running along the east bank of the Schuylkill.^[11] Through Reading trains were also moved off the Junction Railroad, using the B&O's route instead.^{[citation needed]}

The PB&W leased the Junction Railroad on March 1, 1899.^{[citation needed]} The PRR's West Philadelphia Elevated Branch, completed in 1904, provided an alternate route for freight trains that would use the central piece of the Junction Railroad through the Market Street Tunnel or the PRR's River Line along the Schuylkill.^[12] The Junction Railroad was merged into the PRR on March 31, 1908, becoming the Belmont Branch north of and the Grays Ferry Branch (also 32nd Street Branch) south of West Philadelphia.^[13] Except for the Market Street Tunnel, the Grays Ferry Branch was part of the main line from Broad Street Station towards Baltimore. The Belmont Branch remained a connection to the Reading; after the PRR and Reading both became part of Conrail in 1976, it became part of the Harrisburg Line, along with the West Philadelphia Elevated Branch and Delaware Extension to Greenwich Yard.^[14] In the 1999 breakup of Conrail, the Harrisburg Line south of Belmont became CSX Transportation's Harrisburg Subdivision. The old Junction Railroad through the Market Street Tunnel has been abandoned, and the rest of the line is now a SEPTA Regional Rail main line to Arsenal Interlocking and Amtrak's Northeast Corridor to Grays Ferry.^{[citation needed]}