Juan Rafael Mora Porras
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Juan Rafael Mora Porras was President of Costa Rica from 1849 to 1859.
He first assumed the presidency following José María Castro Madriz's resignation and was subsequently reelected in 1853 and 1859.
His administration modified the constitution increasing the requirements to hold citizenship. A high yearly income was requireed to be a citizen this left the majority of the population without the right to vote or run for office. The previous electoral system required citizens to be male, born in the country, and to be of age to have electoral rights.
This dramatic change coincides with the privatization of the commons, the landless pesants who depended on the commons were left helpless since they had no political representation and no means of achieving it given the changes in the new constitution.
Mora performed a series of military reforms that not only increased the size of the army to 9000 able men, but also sought to professionalize it. To this end he hired Polish and French military advisors and purchased state of the art equipement from Great Britain.
In 1856 he led his country's forces in Central America's war against William Walker and his filibuster regime in Nicaragua.
For Costa Rican historiography the war is divided in two: The First Campaign (March-April 1856) and The Second Campaign or Transit Campaign (October 1856-May 1857)
Mora, along with Bishop Anselmo Llorente Y La fuente had previously given a series of speeches to arouse the people preparing for the upcoming war. The speeches emphasized the threat posed by the protestant filibusters to the country's catholic identity.
The president gave his brother Jose Joaquin the supreme command of the army. three battles were fought during the First Campaign Santa Rosa, Sardinal and Rivas these series of battles managed to stop Walker's invasion to Guanacaste. -at the time known as "Moracia" in the presidents honour-
During the Rivas Battle Cholera spread out on both filibuster and costarrican forces. Costarricans under the impression that Cholera was acquired on "ill-aired" locations fled from Rivas taking the water-borne disease in to the country causing the death of 10% of the population.
For Costa Ricans the war was postponed until October 1856 the starting point for The Second Campaign. The empasis of the Second Campaign was to cut-off Walker's supply route which used the San Juan river and the steamboats taken by the filibusters from the Accessory Transit Company.
There is still discussion on the intellectual authorship of the capture of the Rio San Juan. Some Costa Ricans, like historian Rafael Obregon Loria, claim it's Mora who planned the capture. However, Mora met on november 1856 with Silvanius Spencer, Cornelius Vanderbilt's Agent, who offered his help on the capture of the San Juan river.
In spite of earning acclaim as a national hero for his efforts in that endeavor, he was overthrown in a coup d'état orchestrated by his opponent Jose Maria Montealegre in August 1859. He fled to El Salvador, where his supporters convinced him to launch an attack on Costa Rica and recoup the presidency. After initial victories, in which he succeeded in seizing the port of Puntarenas, he was defeated, captured, and, on 30 September 1860, brought before a firing squad.
His nephew, whom he helped raise, was the writer Manuel Argüello Mora.
